what happened after the end of reconstruction quizlet what happened after the end of reconstruction quizlet

Treated rapidly and with all possible care, Lincoln nevertheless succumbed to his wounds the following morning, leaving a somber pall over the North and especially among African Americans. One of those was the election of African Americans to local, state, and national offices, including both houses of Congress. Specific factors which finally ended the Reconstruction Era included the disputes surrounding the 1876 presidential election, increasing violence by the Ku Klux were white politicians in Southern states who wanted to redeem their states from their newly formed governments, or return them to the way they had been before the Civil War. Johnson refused, but Grant resigned, and Congress put Edwin M. Stanton back in office over the presidents objections. In his last speech, on April 11, 1865, Lincoln, referring to Reconstruction in Louisiana, expressed the view that some Blacksthe very intelligent and those who had served in the Union armyought to enjoy the right to vote. At Colfax, Louisiana, in 1873, scores of Black militiamen were killed after surrendering to armed whites intent on seizing control of local government. Proponents of the Lost Cause tried to rewrite the history of the antebellum South to deemphasize the brutality of slavery. In the 1868 presidential election, former Union General Ulysses S. Grant ran on a platform that proclaimed, Let Us Have Peace, in which he promised to protect the new status quo. Keeping the poor white trash and the enslaved people virtually the same before the war. Why Did Reconstruction Come to an End? Reconstruction came to an end as a direct result of too many Southerners opposing the reconstruction. Currier & Ives, First Colored Senator and Representatives in the 41st and 42nd Congress of the United States, 1872.Library of Congress. attempted to negotiate a new social and political Perhaps the most significant internal transformation in churches had to do with the role of womena situation that eventually would lead to the development of independent womens conventions in Baptist, Methodist, and Pentecostal churches. They could not make enough money to pay back their debt to landowners and buy their own land. Soon afterward, Congress approved the Fifteenth Amendment, prohibiting states from restricting the right to vote because of race. Soon the Bureau and the federal government would recognize that they could not accomplish a fraction of what they set out to do, including keeping African Americans safe and free in the South. This new relationship created a political backlash, especially in the West and South, against Washingtons perceived eastern and industrial bias. A notion of white supremacy and Black inferiority undergirded it all. .The man who tied me to a tree and gave me 39 lashes and who stripped and flogged my mother and my sister . In a short time, the South was transformed from an all-white, pro-slavery, Democratic stronghold to a collection of Republican-led states with African Americans in positions of power for the first time in American history.9. In many cases, Confederate officials dispensed with taxes paid in cash and simply impressed the food and materials needed from their citizens. The NWSA soon rallied around a new strategy: the New Departure. . Apart from the requirement that they abolish slavery, repudiate secession, and abrogate the Confederate debt, these governments were granted a free hand in managing their affairs. Well, their economic self-sufficiency went through some ups and downs. What ended as a result of reconstruction? But Black voters formed the backbone of the Republican coalition in the South. 4 What happened after the reconstruction of the south? . A laborer who works the land for the farmer who owns it, in exchange for a share of the value of the crop. the physical freedom of where Southern African what it means to be free. Land was one of the major desires of the freed people. But enslavement by governments through the prison system in America is still legal in the 21st century. This compromise said that federal troops would be removed from the south and in return the republican candidate for president-Rutherford B. Hayes-was elected. With the Compromise of 1877, military intervention in Southern politics ceased and Republican control collapsed in the last three state governments in the South. Many Republicans were keen to grant voting rights for freedmen in order to build a new powerful voting bloc. After all, it is much easier to hate people whom you do not interact with. Reconstruction Amendments change definitions of freedom, What was the "New South" that was emerging by 1900? Meanwhile, Rutherford B. Hayes, a Republican, won a landslide victory in the Ohio gubernatorial election without mentioning Reconstruction, focusing instead on fighting corruption and alcohol abuse and promoting economic recovery. Regardless of the reasons, the end of Reconstruction also signaled an end to whatever forward the United States faced during Reconstruction, the . The dream of 40 acres and a mule was stillborn. By 1860, northerners could buy clothing made in a New England factory, or light their homes with kerosene oil from Pennsylvania. Yet after 1867, when Congress ordered southern states to eliminate racial discrimination in voting, African Americans began to win elections across the South. Thereafter, the federal government would guarantee all Americans equality before the law against state violation. Joseph Locke and Ben Wright (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2018). They were met with brutality as police dispersed the crowd, and consequently the unemployment movement lost much of its steam. The policy would later be overruled and freedpeople would lose their right to the land., 2. The assassination of Abraham Lincoln propelled Vice President Andrew Johnson into the executive office in April 1865. Yet, with its most revolutionary aims thwarted by 1868, and economic depression and political turmoil taking even its most modest promises off the table by the early 1870s, most of the promises of Reconstruction were unmet. WebAmong other things, the Klan trials reveal the great expansion of the jurisdiction of the federal courts during Reconstruction. For the South as a whole, the war and Reconstruction marked the start of a period of deep poverty that would last until at least the New Deal of the 1930s. In 1876, Thompson was exposed for cross-dressing. Formerly wealthy women hoped to maintain their social status by rebuilding the prewar social hierarchy. Have students brainstorm ideas about what these problems might be. African Americans served at every level of government during Reconstruction. The protections of black civil rights crumbled under the pressure of restored white rule and unfavorable Supreme Court decisions. The future of the South was uncertain. WebReconstruction lasted from 1865 to 1877. For twenty years she successfully passed as a woman. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. expected to find in the box labeled Freedom was very different from what their former Universal suffrage, she argued, would not so clearly address the complex difficulties posed by racial, economic, and gender inequality.24. The North would not regain its prewar pace of industrial and commodity output until the 1870s. ratified in 1870, extended the right to vote to black men. Through the provisions of the congressional Reconstruction Acts, Black men voted in large numbers and also served as delegates to the state constitutional conventions in 1868. Freedmen discuss post-emancipation life with General Sherman, 1865, Reconstruction began before the War ended. While U.S. Pres. Susan B. Anthony was one of them and was arrested but then acquitted in trial. How old did the males have to be to join the militia? In this video, Kim examines continuity and change over time in the lives of African Americans in the South before and after Reconstruction. Others resettled far from their former plantations, hoping to eventually farm their own land or run their own businesses. The 13th was made in 1865, the 14th in 1868, and the 15 in 1870. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_immigration_to_the_United_States#First_major_wave_of_Asian_immigration_(1850%E2%80%931917), Creative Commons Attribution/Non-Commercial/Share-Alike. of US national identity, but if someone gave you box His Reconstruction plan required provisional southern governments to void their ordinances of secession, repudiate their Confederate debts, and ratify the Thirteenth Amendment. Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton maintained a strong and productive relationship for nearly half a century as they sought to secure political rights for women. Shortly thereafter, Congress approved the Fourteenth Amendment, which put the principle of birthright citizenship into the Constitution and forbade states to deprive any citizen of the equal protection of the laws. Republicans in Congress responded with a spate of legislation aimed at protecting freedmen and restructuring political relations in the South. You are ready to say they did and we will not argue the point with you. The second defined all persons born in the United States as national citizens, who were to enjoy equality before the law. The second document, demonstrates one way that white Southerners denied these claims. Explain what the Freedmens Bureau did to change the lives of former slaves in the 1860s, According to the Freedman Burea bill, they were to provide "provisions, clothing, and fuelfor the immediate and temporary shelter and supply of destitute and suffering refugees and freedmen and their wives and children". By 1875, Democrats in Mississippi hatched the Mississippi Plan, a wave of violence designed to intimidate Black activists and suppress Black voters.39 The states Republican governor pleaded for federal intervention, but national Republicans ignored the plea. a legal term means official pardon or immunity from prosecution. Blacks hopes that the federal government would provide them with land had been raised by Gen. William T. Shermans Field Order No. Ladies Memorial Associations (LMAs) grew out of the Soldiers Aid Society and became the precursor and custodian of the Lost Cause narrative. People placed these ads until the turn of the twentieth century, demonstrating the enduring pursuit of family reunification. He had been arrested for sitting in a coach marked "for whites only." Almost 800 African American men served as state legislators around the South, with African Americans at one time making up a majority in the South Carolina House of Representatives.11. Compromise of 1877: The End of Reconstruction Within two months, however, Hayes had ordered federal troops from their posts guarding Louisiana and South Carolina statehouses, allowing Democrats to seize control in both those states. Was the Reconstruction era a success or a failure? With the creation of the national banking system and greenbacks, Congress replaced hundreds of state bank notes with a system of federal currency that accelerated trade and exchange. War-weary from a decade of military and political strife, so-called Stalwart Republicans turned from the idealism of civil rights to the practicality of economics and party politics. But the Supreme Court By the end of Reconstruction, the desire for self-definition, economic independence, and racial pride coalesced in the founding of dozens of Black towns across the South. for Black land ownership. How would they rebuild their governments, economies, and social systems? The Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 freed African Americans in rebel states, and after the Civil War, the Thirteenth Amendment emancipated all U.S. slaves wherever they were. Military rule in the South; Democrats regaining power in southern states; African Americans losing rights they, Explain how Republicans began to lose power, Scandals during Republican President Grant's term led. Through Ladies Memorial Associations and other civic groups, southern women led the efforts to bury and memorialize the dead, praising and bolstering their mens masculinity through nationalist speeches and memorials. This gave black farmers a lot more freedom over their own work, since they didn't have to Traveling wherever you please, having enough money to do what you want, or is freedom better Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. It established the supremacy of the federal government over the states, It brought the states of the Union back together; Amnesty was granted to most southerners who had fought for the Confederacy, Former Confederates kept their property and participated in political process; Slavery was ended, African Americans were recognized as citizens of the United States, All citizens were granted equal treatment under the law, The Freedman's Bureau built more than 1,000 schools for African Americans, including colleges and universities, Poll taxes and literacy tests limited African Americans' ability to vote -Jim Crow laws enforced segregation in public places, including schools -Some restaurants and public places refused to serve African Americans at all; Segregation laws challenged in federal Court. Although it established national citizenship for all persons born or naturalized in the United States, the amendment also introduced the word male into the Constitution for the first time. The closing of Reconstruction saw North and South reunited behind the imperatives of economic growth and territorial expansion, rather than ensuring the full rights of its citizens. Nevertheless, although they the south embarked on a path toward rapid War brought destruction across the South. But economically, sharecropping In contrast to the slave South, northerners praised their region as a land of free labor, populated by farmers, merchants, and wage laborers. How would these states be brought back into the Union? Broadcasting the New Departure, the NWSA encouraged women to register to vote, which roughly seven hundred did between 1868 and 1872. government ceased to intervene to protect black citizens in Fourteen men served in the House of Representatives. back the debt, so they had to keep working for the landowners to repay them. South Carolina and Mississippi passed laws known as Black Codes to regulate Black behavior and impose social and economic control. Reconstruction in the United States achieved Abraham Lincolns paramount desire: the restoration of the Union. the rights of citizens. In this speech, Douglass calls on Americans to remember the war for what it wasa struggle between an army fighting to protect slavery and a nation reluctantly transformed into a force for liberation., 8. Black delegates actively participated in revising state constitutions. It's not just one because these amendments were all made at different times. that they couldn't choose where to work or earn eligible to become US citizens, and the 1857 Supreme Court Mississippis vagrant law required all freedmen to carry papers proving they had means of employment.6 If they had no proof, they could be arrested and fined. Nightriders harassed and killed Black candidates and officeholders and frightened voters away from the polls. Republicans chose Rutherford B. Hayes as their nominee; Democrats chose Samuel J. Tilden, who ran on honest politics and home rule in the South. The House of Representatives approved the Fourteenth Amendment on June 13, 1866. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. 8 What happened after the end of Reconstruction quizlet? Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Celebrations honored the bravery of both armies, and the meaning of the war faded. Lincolns policy was lenient, conservative, and short-lived. WebWell, after the amendments, African Americans were free to own their own bodies and labor, but that was about it. White supremacist organizations that committed terrorist acts, such as the Ku Klux Klan, targeted local Republican leaders for beatings or assassination. Which of the following most directly contributed to the end of Reconstruction? Over the next three decades, the civil rights that blacks had been promised during Reconstruction crumbled under white rule in the south. The most notable were the riots in Memphis and New Orleans in 1866, but other large-scale urban conflicts erupted in places including Laurens, South Carolina, in 1870; Colfax, Louisiana, in 1873; another in New Orleans in 1874; Yazoo City, Mississippi, in 1875; and Hamburg, South Carolina, in 1876. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The Homestead Act, meant to open the West to small farmers, was often frustrated by railroad corporations and speculators. - [Kim] How do you define freedom? Gertrude believed that her money had purchased a days labor, not just the load of washing, and she became quite frustrated. didn't have much of an impact in the short term, these Even everyday violence between individuals disproportionally targeted African Americans during Reconstruction. So how much did the What happened at the end of Reconstruction quizlet? Some Republicans were already convinced that equal rights for the former slaves had to accompany the Souths readmission to the Union. The Fourteenth Amendment signaled the federal governments willingness to enforce the Bill of Rights over the authority of the states. After the Civil War, they also wanted to enact harsh penalties against the former Confederate states. Sallie Adkins of Warren County, Georgia, was traveling with her husband, Joseph, a Georgia state senator, when he was assassinated by Klansmen on May 10, 1869. 1. The Unions blockade of the Atlantic prevented the Confederacy from financing the war with cotton sales to Europe. Johnson andReconstruction cartoon, 1866, This print mocksReconstruction by makingseveral allusions to Shakespeare. The Civil War destroyed and then transformed the American economy. In Panola County, Mississippi, between August 1870 and December 1872, twenty-four Klan-style murders occurred. Asian immigrants were considered citizens before or after the 14th amendment? proved whether a potential voter could read and write. defined by what it's not? A provision that allowed a voter to skip a literacy test if his father or grandfather had been eligible to vote on January 1, 1867 (Because no African American in the South could vote before 1868, nearly all were denied the right to vote), Enforced separation of races (These so-called Jim Crow laws barred the mixing of races in almost every aspect of life). When Black Americans and their radical allies succeeded in securing citizenship for freedpeople, a new fight commenced to determine the legal, political, and social implications of American citizenship. Many fellow activists were dismayed by Stantons and Anthonys willingness to appeal to racism to advance their cause.25. decision in Dred Scott declared that no African Americans After the Fifteenth Amendment ignored sex as an unlawful barrier to suffrage, an omission that appalled Stanton, the AERA officially dissolved. George N. Barnard, City of Atlanta, Ga., no. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Then it enacted a series of Enforcement Acts authorizing national action to suppress political violence. However, the bureau also instituted courts where African Americans could seek redress if their employers were abusing them or not paying them. Southern, rural Black churches preferred worship services with more emphasis on inspired preaching, while Black urban northerners favored more orderly worship and an educated ministry. Access to pulpits and growing congregations provided a foundation for ministers political leadership. This was not to say that Republican policy worked for everyone. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Economic Development during the Civil War and Reconstruction, Barbara Jordan On the Impeachment of Richard Nixon (1974), How the Other Half Lived: Photographs of Jacob Riis, National Archives and Records Administration, https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=40&page=transcript, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=72360, https://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=014/llsl014.db&recNum=58, https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/WomensLoyalNationalLeague.pdf, Franke, Katherine M. Becoming a Citizen: Reconstruction Era Regulation of African American Marriages., The House Joint Resolution proposing the 13th amendment to the Constitution, January 31, 1865; Enrolled Acts and Resolutions of Congress, 1789-1999; General Records of the United States Government; Record Group 11; National Archives.. It began after the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln. Free and freed Black southerners carried well-formed political and organizational skills into freedom. the 19th president of the United States; As president, he ended Reconstruction leading to the loss of most of the rights African Americans had gained during those years. Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst, Mass. Scandals sapped trust in the Grant Administration. Reconstruction was a success in that it restored the United States as a unified nation: by 1877, all of the former Confederate states had drafted new constitutions, acknowledged the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments, and pledged their loyalty to the U.S. government. What was one result of the end of Reconstruction in the South? Conflicts over emancipation and civil rights quickly gave way to long political conflict over the direction of American economic development. Yet they soon realized that their allies were distancing themselves from womens suffrage in order to advance Black enfranchisement. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Sharecroppers bought farming supplies from landowners on credit and shared the profits from crops. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Between 1868 and 1877, and especially after the Depression of 1873, economic issues supplanted Reconstruction as the foremost issue on the national agenda. For decades, most Southern Blacks remained propertyless and poor. The center illustration shows a Black soldier as Othello and President Andrew Johnson as Iago.Johnsons slogans Treason is a crime and must be made odious and I am your Moses are on the wall. Do you think the Civil War ended in sectionalism? Along with the textile mills, shoe factories, and iron foundries, the firms that produced McCormicks wheat harvesters and Colts firearms displayed the technical advances of northern manufacturers. Stop for a minute and picture With the Compromise of 1877, army intervention in the South ceased and Republican control collapsed in the last three state governments in the South. Reconstruction explained in five questions and answers, 41 Questions from Britannicas Most Popular World History Quizzes. Many southern governments enacted legislation that reestablished antebellum power relationships. How did many freedmen and whites become locked in a cycle of poverty? How did they differ from landowners? Not having anyone telling you what to do, not being in prison? slavery). The end of Reconstruction was a staggered process, and the period of Republican control ended at different times in different states. Okay, first let's look at Sherman lacked the authority to confiscate and distribute land, so this plan never fully took effect.13 One of the main purposes of the Freedmens Bureau, however, was to redistribute lands to formerly enslaved people that had been abandoned and confiscated by the federal government. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Resistance continued, and Reconstruction eventually collapsed. Why was the Reconstruction era important? However, the proclamation freed only enslaved people in areas of rebellion and left more than seven hundred thousand in bondage in Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri as well as in Union-occupied areas of Louisiana, Tennessee, and Virginia. to institute slavery by another name, led Congress Reconstruction witnessed far-reaching changes in Americas political life. His successor Andrew Johnson initiated what was called Presidential Women like Nannie Helen Burroughs and Virginia Broughton, leaders of the Baptist Womans Convention, worked to protect Black women from sexual violence from white men. Most African American officeholders, however, gained their freedom during the war. Republicans in Congress responded to the codes with the Civil Rights Act of 1866, the first federal attempt to constitutionally define all American-born residents (except Native peoples) as citizens.