10 russian warships off uk coast 10 russian warships off uk coast

Times where unity is needed he takes EU presidency and is calling for the EU to do their own deal with Russia. Look what we did to help France in WW1/2. Any damage to external sensors, VLS tubes, the bridge area, mast, or flight deck would be enough to take it out of the fight. True , I seem to remember one the OSINT Bunker pod cast guys saying if they start to move Air assets near the Ukraine border than probably the war is on , they have just done that. Patrol ship HMS Severn was on duty in the English Channel and Dover Strait, where it shadowed a surfaced Kilo-class submarine, the Stary Oskol, the corvette Boikiy, patrol ship Vasiliy Bykov and support ships. I didnt think anyone could be worse than Trump. France Germany etc may send troops to countries near Ukraine but fighting Ill be surprised. It depends on the severity of what Russia will do if it invades. Similarly, the economic sanctions threatened by the US and the UK apply regardless of the scale of such action. The explosion inside an oxygen factory in the town of Bandar-e Mahshahr, south of Tehran. At talks this week with the United States and NATO, Russia has sought security guarantees to defuse the crisis. We all have opinions and may not always agree but nice to keep things civilised. The assessment said Moscow had deployed troops to the border on a 'permanent' basis and said the movement of 'stockpiles of ammunition, field hospitals and security services' to the hinterlands confirmed 'the preparation for offensive operations'. By teatime at least during the cold War the surface arm of the RN was given 7 days before lights out 6 days more than the RAF , only the Army faired better indefinitely if resupplied ? Are you saying another country told Iran to attack the UAE? Regardless of whatever you think about climate change, Greta whinberg ensures anyone over 25 gets irritated by her patronising childish ways. The White Housewarned yesterday the situation was 'extremely dangerous' and that Moscow could launch an attack 'at any point'. I tell you what happened ; the worst thing that people in this Country did, come out of Europe. On Wednesday, the State Departmentapprovedthe transfer of U.S.-made missiles from Baltic NATO members to Ukraine. I think youll find the Poles really ramping up, unlike us Brits who have more horses than tanks, the Poles have superannuated their winged hussars moumts and morphed onto modern MBTs. And if we enter a shooting war with Russia. Nuclear centrifuge assembly plants. Military analysts said even if it overwhelmed Ukraine's army, which is half the size of its own, Russia could face guerrilla-type resistance, making it hard to hold on to captured territory. The RF receiver can help to lock onto a RF signal that matches something a target ship would emit. Thomas C. D'Arcy, encountered a formation of seven Chinese and Russian warships in the Bering Sea last month. Dont forget its got a great habit of hitting other random stuff like holiday homes or your best mates frigate. The Americans have just sent their first shipment of Aid to the Ukraine what was sent was classed as LETHAL Aid. How would you like me to paint Corbin and Johnson with the same brush? At least Ukraine is on a democratic pathway! Social Media and Comment Moderation Policy, New British nuclear missile submarine reaches milestone, Despite funding concerns Type 32 Frigate still planned, European deployment successfully completed by Royal Navy, UK and US nuclear missile submarines send message to Russia, UK signs for Aster 30 Block 1 anti-ballistic missile weapons, Royal Navy seeking loitering munitions for ships, https://www.defenseone.com/threats/2022/01/us-sends-more-military-equipment-ukraine/361042/ , NATO battlegroup in Bulgaria reaches full capability, BBC announces new aircraft carrier documentary. Could you tell me what youre drinking? I think you have hit the nail on the head. HMSs Dragon and Defender never had Harpoon fitted. "By maintaining a visible and persistent presence, the Royal Navy ensures compliance with maritime law and deters malign activity to protect our nations interests. The only delusional people are the idiots who think Biden is doing a good job; hes lost Afghanistan, Ukraine next, and probably Taiwan in 2023 when this emboldensRead more . It comes at a time when Russia has sparked fears of all . This is a normal response to transiting warships from other nations., Russian amphibious assault flotilla to transit English Channel. Oh, that would be Slovakia and Poland for example who have NATO aircraft from America not to mention eFP fighters in Lithuania, Estonia and Bulgaria. Would tend to agree with you Graham, to what end does Putin need to invade Ukraine? Ukraine has long accused Russia of having regular troops in the region, something Moscow denies. This was of course totally unrelated to his dad, then VP, having a say on loan money going into Ukraine. First Sea Lord Admiral Tony Radakin said: "This is why the Royal Navy is at sea every day, protecting the UK and our interests. People always seem to vastly underestimate the effectiveness of a medium gun. With you on this DL, some interim AShMs on all T45/T23sbut Mr Wallace is here in Sydney at the moment. Didnt Bidens Son in law have an interest in the Ukraine (monetary) ? Ok we fought for repression of all subjugated Countries including the German folk who were under the heel of the Nazi jackboot. Ooops! Ill also add American Democrats have a strong distaste for Putin starting roughly in early 2017 when US intelligence agencies determined Russia helped elect Trump. But do we have the money or willingness in the population to spend what money we have on defence rather than health or social services for example? Ukraine didnt invent the weapons so im curious how much of them they could have used and ultimately maintained over time. In new training drills yesterday, three dozen Russian warplanes including Su-34 fighter-bombers, Su-25 attack aircraft and MiG-31 fighter-interceptors flew from airfields in Perm, Krasnoyarsk,. Should they choose to do so. The Turks the bosphorous cutting off vital Shipping routes to Russia. Now over, the Russian ships heading for the Med, inc a cruiser. Putins Russia isnt anywhere nearly as big and powerful as the old Soviet military and couldnt go toe to toe with the US. Britain said the shots were part of a Russian gunnery exercise. NSM has a IIR seeker so it can discriminate but the target still needs to be there when it arrives to be discriminated against! 'He emphasized the United States unwavering commitment to Ukraines sovereignty and territorial integrity and reiterated the principle of nothing about Ukraine, without Ukraine.'. Certainly, if small, but it isnt going to be sinking any frigates or destroyers let alone a cruiser many of which are being fitted with anti shell or missile weapons. There are thoughts elsewhere that these ships may, initially, be heading to Syria in order to collect troops and equipment for redeployment. Trump kissed Putins behind in every way possible to the point he tried to break our democracy on the 6th of January, 2021. 'This is extremely dangerous. Its not as easy as it seems, accurately targeting the correct vessel in high shipping density waters. UK and Japan sign huge defence deal in warning to Russia and China, Putin publicly humiliates Kremlin lackey for 'fooling around', Vladimir Putin announce the frigate would depart last week with missiles on board, Vladimir Putin praised the ship's strength as it sailed off on its journey, Dmitry Medvedev warned the United States Russian missiles would soon be close to NATO's shores, St. Petersburg warehouse 'turns to ashes' after overnight mystery fire, Russian doctors urge Putin to 'stop abusing' Alexei Navalny, Vladimir Putin braced for Kremlin 'ultra-nationalists' mutiny, West puzzled after Putin evacuates warships and submarines from region, UK tanks to cause 'real problems' for Russia on Ukrainian frontline, Army poised to send 'game-changing' tanks to Ukraine to smash Russia, Before and after maps show Russia's territorial losses in Ukraine, Cleverly under pressure over German spy - Britain battles 'silent war', Putin replaces 'General Armageddon' after three months in top job, Mask slips as Xi's true relationship with Vladimir Putin exposed, EU oil ban axes 140 MILLION a day to Putins war chest, Potential sites for RussianChinese moonbase near lunar south pole. Nope me neither. The Ukraininans particularly will give a good account of themselves. Going after the Ukraine neatly side steps the maritime flank to some extent. Browse an unrivalled portfolio of real-time and historical market data and insights from worldwide sources and experts. Unlike the Ukrainians who are, in the main, suffering out in the trench systems with a serious number of dont want to be here conscripts. NOT, should have out an archer. The BBC said shots were fired and that as many as 20 Russian aircraft were "buzzing" the British ship. He really wants to install a pro-Russian government in Kiev and to have independence for theRead more . I doubt you can stand at all given the amount of hallucinogens you must be partaking. Hi Ron. Their fears of nuclear led them to basically willingly put puppet strings on a number of important decisions the country will have to make. F35 will also receive SPEAR 3 which also has anti ship capability. It comes after UK dfence chiefs said yesterday they fear Putin will opt for the 'nightmare scenario' of a full invasion of Ukraine as tensions rise towards tipping point. The Iranians are being bombed at will. Who is bombing the Iranians? The Telegraph values your comments but kindly requests all posts are on topic, constructive and respectful. Launch control was always in Moscow. George is on Twitter at @geoallison, Comments may automatically be held for moderation by our team, they will be approved as soon as possible in accordance with our. Clearly they have something on him-most probably a secret video of Trump in bed with some Russian beauty! I agree with your 10 year rule. The Ropucha-class landing ship can transport 10 main battle tanks and 340 troops or 12 BTRs and 340 troops or 3 main battle tanks, 3 2S9 Nona-S, 5 MT-LBs, 4 army trucks and 313 troops or 500 tons of cargo. Surely he loses more than he gains. Lithuanian Defence Minister Arvydas Anusauskas said today: 'In the current situation, we view the arrival of Russian armed forces in Belarus not only as a destabilising factor in the security situation but also as the one posing an even bigger direct threat to Lithuania.'. Your logic makes no sense. Surely you mean the Syrians? [1/6]British Royal Navy's Type 45 destroyer HMS Defender is docked in the Black Sea port of Odessa, Ukraine June 18, 2021. As the region is already occupied by pro-Russian separatists, and has been in a state of war since 2014, it was believed it would offer little resistance. Also Congress now has the Trump White House documents related to Jan 6. It can be logically assumed that KALIBR capability willRead more . 14:30 GMT 20 Jan 2022. So, USA has no troops in Ukraine? Last night, Kiev hailed Britain for sending anti-tank weapons and troops as an 'important first step' to help the country defend itself. Biden??? Giles said some scenarios could involve long-range missile attacks or cyber-attacks targeting critical infrastructure. The two Russian vessels in the video released Wednesday are the first the military has announced operating off Hawaii since the new year. TheRead more . HITLER AND NAPOLEON DID AND LOOK WHERE IT GOT THEM. Just been channel hooping with various News outlets and what I can gather is that the Ukrainian public are just getting on normal Living , it would seem that the 24hr News channels are too blame for the So called tensions just like a certain plot for a James Bond movie with Johnathan Pryce as the TV mogul who wants too start a War for Ratings. He is testing NATO unity and Bidens willingness to risk the wrath of those voters while knowing any faltering step in those voters eyes be it commitment of weakness will bring back a Trump style Govt withRead more , I do wonder if another motivating factor could be something more base than that. Still better than a 4.5 gun. Like wise the Danse could blockade the Baltic as well. He would have stolen a march under US noses, scored a propaganda victory, brought Iraq under Russian influence and probably have prevented the 2003 invasion. [However] when youre up against a determined opponent on the battlefield you have to go close and personal with your enemy. Morning Sean. The conclusion was that Tiger stood the better chance due to her 6 turret being mostly electrically powered rather than hydraulic, like Blakes, so the presumption was shed be more reliable. "Even with the pressures of Covid, we remain at short notice to respond to threats both in home waters and around the world. 2014-2021 UK Defence Journal, all rights reserved. The diplomat hit out at Germany for failing to match Britain's offer of military aid, with Berlin preferring to focus on the threat of sanctions. The ships - which included a . You must have access to a higher level of intel than me then. This idiot wants Biden to start the war. Cheers dave , I think our boss were trying too make us look on the bright side I doubt if the Careers office would have stated that when we signed up, And yet, of all the capability gaps, this one worries the RN the least. Likewise the presence of Nato tripwire forces might just persuade Russian planners to step back. Ammunition depots. What you are saying is if the US had pre-positioned a couple thousand troops in Ukraine, it wouldve prevented Putin from planning and then sending 100,000+ troops to the border along with simultaneous exercises across all their armed forces around the globe including this one: https://www.thejournal.ie/russia-missile-test-south-west-coast-ireland-5660829-Jan2022/. Biden is standing up to Putin in every way logical. Tobias Ellwood said Russian President Vladimir Putin was taking full advantage of a weakened West. Russia's warns Britain over navy confrontation, Raab: Russia being 'predictably inaccurate', Britain says it will always defend seafaring rights, Russia says London is sowing barefaced lies. You have to look at the bigger picture, Russia, China and the Iranians are holding joint exercises in the Indian ocean, increased naval activity in the Arctic, My biggest concern is India and Pakistan. Yes and who do you think gave them the green light. Russia's Baltic Fleet vessels theKorolev, Minsk and Kaliningrad were today sailing south past the UK followed by Northern Fleet warshipsOlenegorsky Gornyak, Pyotr Morgunov, and Georgii Pobedonosets which passed the Great Belt Bridge in Denmark on Monday. Russia plans to deploy KALIBR capability on all new design construction nuclear and non-nuclear submarines, corvettes, frigates, and larger surface ships. Therefore in theory at least for the narrowest Dover-Calais area we could do that. The operation could begin with artillery, missile and air strikes on Ukrainian units in the south, and special forces units might seize bridges and railway junctions, allowing troops and tanks to advance, he said. F35 will be able to carry 8 of these missiles internally. The 4.5 has the range, accuracy and stopping power to deal with that kind of threat. READ NEXT:Army poised to send 'game-changing' tanks to Ukraine to smash RussiaBefore and after maps show Russia's territorial losses in UkraineUK tanks to cause 'real problems' for Russia on Ukrainian frontlineCleverly under pressure over German spy - Britain battles 'silent war'Putin replaces 'General Armageddon' after three months in top job. No, but it would be interesting to know what Circumstances would trigger that. Whilst the Canada and now Mexico border problems are now very real indeed. Supplying intel and light weapons will not change the outcome much , Russia will win regardless of the losses shell receive. Boris take a private plane back to London from a climate summit in order to get to a party thrown by a conservative party donor .. is that not more irritating than a child asking the adults toRead more , the swedes attitude to defence equipment and production is very good. George Allison Invasion of a NATO state or even probably Sweden Im sure would. In comments that will alarm Kiev, German Foreign Minister Annalena Baerbock said her country needs 'a reliable Russia' to supply Europe with gas. This was at the request of the Australian Government. The N Koreans are starving again. Ah, but at least the Brits flogged off some 60y/o CVR(T)s. It said: "The crew of the frigate 'Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Gorshkov' conducted an air defense exercise in the Norwegian Sea. To see all content on The Sun, please use the Site Map. Forces would secure control of a canal that provided Crimea with fresh water supplies until Russia annexed the region and Ukraine stopped the flow, he said. NOTAMs will clear seaways fast, whilst the Falklands demonstrated the potency of AsUW back then. Ill accept naval power but always is a bit sweeping. Spot on Johnathan, nothing beats the smell of Cordite when doing a spread or up ladder SU shoot. 'They discussed U.S. and international security and economic assistance to Ukraine, and the Secretary expressed appreciation for Ukraines continued calls for a diplomatic solution, stressing the need for Ukrainian unity in the face of the Russian threat,' Price said. Id call it a battle group wholly equipped with obsolete AFVs. It is very obvious where they are going, staring you right into your eyes!! The phrase, and derivatives of the phrase . The volume of gas supplyable through Nordstream 2 is roughly equivalent to the entire energy use of UK or another large European country. The NATO Allied Maritime Command is "closely monitoring" Russian frigate Admiral Gorshkov, it said in a tweet with a photo of the warship. What is aerial refuelling and how does it work? But at various times four navy frigates were deployed. The lack of AsUW is a gamble that could prove catastrophic, as bad as the lack of anti-tank weaponry given to the BEF. Russia is flexing its muscles in Britains back yard after ten warships arrived off the UK coast, the Chief of the Defence Staff has warned. There are only 4 sets available for the Type 45s taken off the Type 22 Batch 3s. Not many decent investigative journos around now. Patrol ship HMS Tyne monitored two warships and an intelligence gathering vessel as they carried out replenishment operations with their supporting tanker. Hope the Turks can hold them up over their passage through the straights and send Putins timetable skew-whiff. what about nato members bulgaria and romania? Saying your putting your entire navy to sea simultaneously across every theatre you operate in is a bit of a red flag.. though considering the state of the Russian navy if even 25% of the ships leave harbour I will be surprised. As its a shed load easier to detect an RF emission and from a lot further away with a highly sensitive receiver. US is now flying in warlike items to Ukraine. Even so, Ukraine's Defense Ministry said it was accelerating its plan to form reserve battalions, a move that would help it rapidly deploy 130,000 recruits to bolster its 246,000-strong armed forces. The ships have included a surfaced submarine, a destroyer, a corvette and a patrol ship along with their supporting tugs and supply ships travelling in the English Channel, Celtic Sea and the West Coast of Scotland. Our potential foes are very clever and will exploit gaps. , As you can see from the pic at the top the Russian ship is within visual range. I suspect if we dont show strength and unity now the fighting will inevitably come to us. Without listing specific equipment plans General Carter hinted long-range precision rockets, air defence missiles and surveillance drones would be brought into service. All quotes delayed a minimum of 15 minutes. He then moves on to Berlin and will also hold talks with France and the UK. Two weeks ago nearly a dozen warships and combat aircraft from Russia's Northern, Baltic and Black Sea fleets gave a "show of force in the waters off the British and Irish coasts" General . They now believe they have achieved their goal and no longer have to bowRead more , Err no. As to the vaccine mandate, you are aware of the cross US/Canada border restrictions that came into force today that affect 50% or so drivers and the log jams in US west coast ports? Also most of that Russian buildup is into barracks so not suffering. Something will give as you cannot maintain an army at this sort of readiness indefinitely. "The U.S. Coast Guard is currently monitoring the Russian . George has a degree in Cyber Security from Glasgow Caledonian University and has a keen interest in naval and cyber security matters and has appeared on national radio and television to discuss current events. Kyiv might also be provoked into attacking by the separatists who could then ask Russia to send troops to help, he said. Clever move, and itll be Trumps fault the Russians invade on Bidens watch. Too many journalists sit at their desks googling news instead of getting off their backsides. Will it would be nice not to hear from that stroppy self-important brat anymore, I doubt your proposal will solve either of the threats we face; Russian aggression and climate-climate. It seems Not! Ill think you well find Im disagreeing with a nut job who thinks Salisbury was a UK government conspiracy lol. No they didnt. RNs lack of AsUW is a gamble, otherwise why retain harpoon? The . And it will be forthcoming if I am wrong as I hope yours will be in reverse. It would be a signal of intent to the Russians. Something that clearly says were here, and were flying over Ukraine and you arent stopping us. As to Corbin(Corbyn) and American born Johnson, well in my opinion Corbyn is poison and Johnson is a clown beyond redemption Regards Geoff(who is btw an ardent Americophile), Douglass post about this being Bidens fault instead of Putin and his yes men is just not true and I dont think its the time to encourage them. Time to send some Astutes to the Med for target practice! I think now the Russians have thrown everything on the table NATO must do the same, no backing down. The warship is feared to be loaded with 7,000mph hypersonic missiles with a range of over 600 miles. Rocks?' Again, your assessment that putting 2,000 US troops into Ukraine before the status quo has changed, would not have detered 100,000+ troops amassing on the border or the worldwideRead more . If this invasion happens it could well lead to the Chinese taking the opportunity to seize Taiwan, Iran will cause trouble in the Straits of Homuz and missile man could well take the opportunity to invade the South. The only ones being childish are the politicians, the oil industry and those that choose to ignore reality. I have little faith when the top brass commit to building frigates that have no ASW or AsUW capabilities. Their problem then, as now, in terms of getting into the EU, was/is corruption. When the world is fully and singularly looking at that location. Broker a deal to have Russian military bases in their country. There was the Orange revolution in Ukraine in 2004/5 that was the point that they started to orient themselves more with the West. The ships have included a surfaced submarine, a destroyer, a corvette and a patrol ship along. In new training drills yesterday, three dozen Russian warplanes including Su-34 fighter-bombers, Su-25 attack aircraft and MiG-31 fighter-interceptors flew from airfields in Perm, Krasnoyarsk, Chelyabinsk and Sverdlovsk regions. The Defence Forces is monitoring a group of Russia warships which have been spotted acting unusually off the south of the country. The Ivan Gren-class can transport 40 BTRs or IFVs and 300 troops. If allowed to go unchecked, this will only serve to embolden both Putin and Xi, so interesting times ahead for all of us. 'Russia is stopped when it is stopped, not when Putin decided that he achieved enough.'. Commander Ed Moss-Ward, HMS Portland's commanding officer, said: "Escorting warships in UK territorial waters and the adjacent sea areas is routine activity for the Royal Navy. Exact date yellow weather warning for snow and ice forecast to hit UK - will you be affected? Protect their own borders through forward defence. The US Coast Guard said Wednesday it is monitoring a Russian ship near Hawaii. Id still bet the Poles will be doing a lot of footwork on how to help the Ukrainians. Ukraine was in part happy to negotiate them away for exactly that reason. "The crew conducted an exercise to repel the means of an air attack of a simulated enemy in the Norwegian Sea.". Turkeys first dedicated intelligence-gathering ship, TCGUfuk(A-591), was officially commissioned into service at Istanbul Shipyard in Tuzla, Istanbul, on 14 January, smail Demir, head of Turkeys Presidency of Defence Industries (SSB), has announced. You forgot about their national dish: kapusta cabbage soup, the outer leaves of which can be distilled hic apparently hic. "Despite the increase in Russian activity, both on the surface and underwater, we are always ready to respond.". Final talks on NI post-Brexit deal as UK PM meets EU chief - No 10. Australia just signed an agreement with UK Defense minister to dedicate Wharf and logistics to readily accommodate Royal Navy ships basing them selves there . Critics fear it will increase Germany's reliance on Russian energy supplies. ', After their meeting, State Department spokesman Ned Price warned the West was ready to impose 'crippling costs on Russias economy' if Putin chooses the path of 'further aggression.'. the less we have to do with the ukraine the better. Dictators will at any cost hold onto power. I stand by my comments and time will tell. 'The current deployments are versatile. With 4 missiles in each bay of an F-35 (like the 1000lb GBU fits into), says that the warhead cant be that big, say like a Hellfire or Brimstone around 15kg. Today : UK Navy Shocked, 7 Russian Warships off UK CoastNine Royal Navy warships are shadowing seven Russian warships after "unusually high levels of activit. Its perhaps worth considering that just supposing a few Russian armoured/infantry detachments had been deployed in and around Baghdad at important government and military sites as peacekeepers/observers or an actual hostile force, then would the 2003 invasion of Iraq have taken place? If Russia invades what do they do next? The White House corrected the off the cuff remark from the long press conference. NSM like Harpoon has a range that means it flies way over the horizon. Are Putins dirty secrets going to be revealed? If the US had done this early enough the Russians would have back off. Which it now seems were there to pick up gear to take out of the Baltic, not across it. if 25% could actually get out of harbour before breaking down! The British Army for starters needs a serious shake up and recapitalisation. If Russia did invade the Ukraine, could/would the UK and France deny Russia access through the channel? Whereas I have friends and colleagues dotted along the West Coast which is how I can call out your nonsense on that one. Estonia is sending Javelin anti-armor missiles while Latvia and Lithuania are sending Stinger anti-aircraft missiles and related equipment, according to a Friday statement by the countries defense ministers. Russia isnt confident, Putin is looking for foreign enemies to placate the growing criticism at home. We have Astute, which is the finest anti ship weapon in the world, along with NATO and allied nuclear boats, its enough toRead more . Britain's BBC released footage from the ship showing a Russian coast guard warning that he would shoot if the British ship did not change course. Its all well and good having such weapons, but they arent much good without good accurate targeting information. To Decimate is as you put Dave 1 in 10 ,50% is half which is Dimidium, Cheers Tommo my googlefu is poor however, my google translate fu was non-existent , Over the last third of a century the pollies have dimidiumated the British Army . Count on enhancing economic & financial cooperation. Im Amazed at Germany and Frances response. The US Debt and How It Got So Big Updated December 30, 2021, https://www.thebalance.com/the-u-s-debt-and-how-it-got-so-big-3305778, i bet tyne sent shivers through the russian group. Initially other then a echo sounder suite for navigation which is a safety requirement, there are no current plans for a ASW fit on the T31s, for the reasons you have stated. Were you not barred a couple of years ago from this site? Which could be read either way. There is currently another Russian flotilla heading for the Med, this time the flagship cruiser and escort from their Pacific Fleet. LONDON, June 24 (Reuters) - Russia warned Britain on Thursday that it would bomb British naval vessels in the Black Sea if there were any further provocative actions by the British navy off the. The jams at US West Coast ports have been due to the global supply chain being out of whack. It said Russia had deployed 36 Iskander launchers, weapons capable of hitting targets up to 700km away, near Ukraine and said the medium-range missiles that could be used to 'destroy vital objects'. The Black Sea, which Russia uses to project its power in the Mediterranean, has for centuries been a flashpoint between Russia and its competitors such as Turkey, France, Britain and the United States.