Epub 2020 Sep 12. Public sector net borrowing is a British term referring to the fiscal deficit, where government expenditures outpace government revenue. You can learn more about the standards we follow in producing accurate, unbiased content in our. And the economic cost of the decision so far is sizeable, if not disastrous," claimed deputy director John Springford. Since then, the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has impacted the sector heavily in 2020 and into 2021, with government restrictions both in the UK and worldwide preventing tourism for large periods of time. Making up over 80% of the UK's total visitor economy, England's tourism sector is vibrant and vital. In 2011, there were 208,880 VAT registered businesses in England in tourism sectors, includingaccommodation, food anddrink, transport, travel agencies, cultural activities and more. Runs TUI Care Foundation, which supports holiday destinations in their development. The U.K. is made up of England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Interventions for Tobacco Cessation in Adults, Including Pregnant Women: An Evidence Update for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force [Internet]. Command Economy: Definition, How It Works, and Characteristics, Economic Value: Definition, Examples, Ways To Estimate, Keynesian Economics Theory: Definition and How It's Used, Economic Indicator: Definition and How to Interpret, Gross Domestic Product (GDP): Formula and How to Use It. That banner, the forerunner of the United Kingdoms familiar flag, took its name, the Union Jack, from the shortened form of the name Jacobus, the Latin version of James. "COVID-19: Imperial researchers model likely impact of public health measures,", The Guardian. TOURISM IS THE MOST EFFECTIVE FORM OF DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION Tourist spending exceeds global development aid by a factor of almost four - and the trend is rising sharply. [14], On 13 May 2015, it was announced by the TUI Group that all five of TUI's airline subsidiaries would be named TUI, whilst keeping their separate Air Operators Certificate, a process taking over three years to complete. This reduction was blamed in part on the uncertainty over Brexit and a declining housing market. 2013. The impact of these additional contributions include: Tony Danker, CBI Director-General, says: The BBCs growth ambitions have the power to add real momentum to UK regional economies by kickstarting new clusters of excellence for creative industries.. As an important interim step, TUI has committed to 2030 emission reduction targets for its own airlines, cruises and hotels. "The Cost of Brexit to September 2018.". This tool presents data from our most recent releases in the main areas that contribute to economic activity. government site. What Is GDP and Why Is It So Important to Economists and Investors? They became First Choice Airways in 2004 after being bought by First Choice and became their in-house airline. Finally, on May 29, 1953, by proclamation, Elizabeth II became known as queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Brexodus refers to the mass exit of individuals and corporations that Brexit, the U.K.'s divorce from the EU, is predicted to potentially cause. It poses enormous health- and non-health-related costs to the affected individuals, employers, and the society at large. Capital reduction through share consolidation, Presentation "Tourism as a driver of growth, prosperity and development". Tourism works hand in hand with a wide range of sectors across England, including farming, transport, retail . History [ edit] Investopedia does not include all offers available in the marketplace. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Visit Britain. Thus, the 1707 Act of Union, which went into effect on May 1, 1707, creating the Kingdom of Great Britain, was a winning deal on both sides of the border. We partner with these countries and other stakeholders to actively shape a more sustainable future for tourism. TUI is of great importance for tourism worldwide. Commitments include reducing the Group's emissions. The UK's economic recovery accelerated in May as tourism and recreation firms reopened, but the delay in ending Covid-19 restrictions is putting hospitality firms at risk, research shows. But annexation and incorporation are two different matters, and the Act of Union of 1536 declared English King Henry VIIIs wish to incorporate Wales within his realm. An independent organisation initiated and supported by TUI Group, TUI Care Foundation supports and initiates partnerships and projects which create new opportunities and contribute to thriving communities all over the world. Due to varying update cycles, statistics can display more up-to-date The UK service sector. On average, community pharmacist-based smoking cessation programs yield cost savings to the health system of between US$500 and US$614 per LYG.Advertising media, telecommunications, and other technology-based interventions (such as TV, radio, print, telephone, the Internet, PC, and other electronic media) usually have positive synergistic effects in reducing smoking prevalence especially when combined to deliver smoking cessation messages and counseling support. Its head office and Registered Office is Wigmore House in Luton, Bedfordshire . They make an important contribution to the economy, comparing favourably to the financial services sector. Implementing smoke-free workplaces would also produce myriads of new quitters and reduce the amount of cigarette consumption, leading to cost savings in direct medical costs to primary health care providers. Finance vs. Economics: What's the Difference? TUI baggage size. Smoking-attributable expenditure in the United States (USD billion). Front Public Health. In June 2022, following a capital increase, the tourism group repaid Silent Participation II to the Economic Stabilisation Fund, including interest totaling 725 million euros. Quarterly GDP per capita growth in the UK 1955-2022, Daily number of jobs furloughed in the UK 2020-2021, Facebook: quarterly number of MAU (monthly active users) worldwide 2008-2022, Quarterly smartphone market share worldwide by vendor 2009-2022, Number of apps available in leading app stores Q3 2022. The airline is part of a single-branded group, being the product of two mergers: the travel division of TUI Group with First Choice Holidays in September 2007 to form TUI Travel, under which their respective airlines, Thomsonfly and First Choice Airways, were merged under the former's Air Operator's Certificate in May 2008 and rebranded as Thomson Airways on 1 November 2008. Share in total employment: direct, indirect and induced effects 2019. The travel and tourism industries contributed 6.7% of all gross value added in the UK in 2018. The offers that appear in this table are from partnerships from which Investopedia receives compensation. The service industry in the U.K. comprises many industries, including finance and business services, consumer-focused industries, such as retail, food and beverage, and entertainment. Our role, as the national tourist agency, is to enable Britain's tourism industry to capture its share of global and domestic growth across our nations and regions and make these ambitious forecasts a reality. KPMGs full report, An Assessment of the Economic Impact of the BBC, can be found here. Our Sustainability Agenda builds on tourism as a force for good, while being mindful of our footprint. [22], Most scheduled flights operated by TUI Airways are on behalf of tour operators. [6]), an airline which was founded in January 1962. KPMGs comprehensive analysis was conducted before last months publication of The BBC Across the UK, a blueprint to dramatically transform power and decision-making over the next six years - with changes to TV and radio commissioning, investment in local reporting, new bases for key TV, radio and news output and a doubling of the commitment on apprentices. Sutureless Aortic Valve Replacement for Treatment of Severe Aortic Stenosis: A Single Technology Assessment of Perceval Sutureless Aortic Valve [Internet]. Downloadour England Tourism Factsheet for 2019 (Word, 123KB), Download ourKey Facts & Trends 2019Infographic (PDF, 179KB). The UK service sector, UK National Accounts, The Blue Book: 2018, UK manufacturers' sales by product: 2018 revised results, Understanding the economic impact of Brexit, Discussion paper No.3 Brexit and the OBR's forecasts, COVID-19: Imperial researchers model likely impact of public health measures, Boris Johnson orders UK lockdown to be enforced by police, Coronavirus lockdown eased: what you can and can't do from 4 July, GDP first quarterly estimate, UK: April to June 2020. "Gross domestic product 2018," Page 1. You can find further information on the use of cookies at any time in our Cookie Notice and our Privacy policy. "United Kingdom: Distribution of gross domestic product (GDP) across economic sectors from 2008 to 2018. The United Kingdom's passenger facilitation (5.7/10) scores above the European average (4.1/10). Together with our partners we will co-create the next generation sustainable business model for the tourism industry. Available at: Shafey O, Eriksen M, Ross H, Mackay J. Investopedia requires writers to use primary sources to support their work. Department for International Trade. Generating 100.8billion a year. These sectors have undergone rapid growth and are bright prospects for future economic prosperity in the UK. The report also identifies an emerging creative cluster in Cardiff, where the BBC has opened Central Square and Roath Lock. We strive to become sustainability leaders in all that we do. Employment in the sector in Salford saw growth of 142% between 2010 and 2019, and the number of digital or creative businesses has grown by 70%. TUI Airways was the last airline to be completed in late 2017. Amidst the highly restrictive government measures in response to the pandemic, these declines were particularly prevalent in sectors most exposed to the government restrictions, including services, production, and construction. SELECTION CRITERIA The paper includes cost-effectiveness studies from medical journals, health reports, and white papers published between 1992 and July 2014, but included only eight relevant studies before 1992. TUI Airways officially changed its legal name from Thomson Airways to TUI Airways on 2 October 2017. "Discussion paper No.3 Brexit and the OBR's forecasts," Page 5. Tourism works hand in hand with a wide range of sectors across England,including farming, transport, retail, sport, museums and the arts. Growth in the services industry increased by 2.1% in 2018, a strengthening from the growth seen in the previous two years. 2021 Oct;25(59):1-224. doi: 10.3310/hta25590. [27], As of December 2022, the TUI Airways Ltd fleet consists of the following aircraft:[28][29], TUI Airways formerly operated the following aircraft:[29], Media related to TUI Airways at Wikimedia Commons, This article is about the British airline. We will ensure that local people and communities benefit from tourism and the local supply chain. [12] Passenger services with the aircraft began on 21 June 2013 with a flight between London Gatwick and Menorca. These include white papers, government data, original reporting, and interviews with industry experts. [13] Also in 2013, the parent group TUI Travel, now known as TUI Group, ordered 70 Boeing 737 MAX for delivery to group airlines. This is particularly true for regions in southern Europe and in emerging and developing countries such as Cape Verde. We excluded papers that merely described the effectiveness of an intervention without including economic or cost considerations. Get in touch with us. "Brexit analysis. Here we measure how freely goods and people flow across borders. In 2019, visitors who are residents of other countries spent 28.4 billion, or $35.9 billion on travel and tourism in the U.K., according to the . -, Kahende JW, Loomis BR, Adhikari B, Marshall L. A review of economic evaluations of tobacco control programs. Overseas visitors spent 2.34 billion, 13% more than the previous year, according to Visit Britain. The airline offers flights to destinations around the Mediterranean, the Caribbean and the Indian Ocean from 19 base airports in the United Kingdom. 1.4 billion domestic day trips were taken to English destinations in 2018, with spending totalling 56.5 billion. : 20-05264-EF-1. This compensation may impact how and where listings appear. Patnode CD, Henderson JT, Melnikow J, Coppola EL, Durbin S, Thomas R. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2021 Jan. Report No. A study by Oxford Economics (2018), commissioned by the Migration Advisory Committee, estimated the net fiscal contribution of EEA migrants in the financial year (FY) 2016/17 at 4.7bn, compared to a net cost of 9bn for non-EEA migrants. The Welsh were to be accorded the same political status as the English and to send representatives to Parliament. .and with this size comes a responsibility U.K. exports were worth 689 billion in 2019, or 31.1% of GDP. Cars were the biggest goods product group by value at 31.6 billion. Financial services accounted for 63.2 billion of total exports in 2019. The EU is the country's largest single trading partner and accounted for 43.5% of exports in 2019.. This economic return often levers significantly higher economic benefits - putting more in than it takes out. [11], TUI Airways became the first UK airline to take delivery of the Boeing 787 Dreamliner, receiving the first aircraft in May 2013. The Top 10 Economic Indicators in the U.K. International COVID-19 Stimulus and Relief, Top 25 Developed and Developing Countries. The cost effectiveness of school-based programs show that one could expect a saving of approximately between US$2,000 and US$20,000 per QALY saved due to averted smoking after 2-4 years of follow-up.Workplace-based interventions could represent a sound economic investment to both employers and the society at large, achieving a benefit-cost ratio of up to 8.75 and generating 12-month employer cost savings of between $150 and $540 per nonsmoking employee. For example, it includes port services and supply chains such as food manufactured for consumption on cruise ships. Net public benefits from tobacco tax, however, remain positive only when tax rates are between 42.9% and 91.1%. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Overview and forecasts on trending topics, Industry and market insights and forecasts, Key figures and rankings about companies and products, Consumer and brand insights and preferences in various industries, Detailed information about political and social topics, All key figures about countries and regions, Market forecast and expert KPIs for 600+ segments in 150+ countries, Insights on consumer attitudes and behavior worldwide, Business information on 60m+ public and private companies, Detailed information for 35,000+ online stores and marketplaces. The site is secure. Not everyone in Scotland was happy with the "British" administration of their home (which contributed to the staging of the failed Jacobite rebellions of 1715 and 1745), but there was a . Main results: Most of the papers reviewed reported outcomes on smoking prevalence, as well as the direct and indirect costs of smoking and the costs and benefits of smoking cessation interventions. Tourism is another big money-maker for the U.K. The economic activities generated from the production and consumption of tobacco provides economic stimulus. Learn more here about our Sustainability Agenda and the three building blocks and 15 focus areas, as well as our contribution to the UN SDGs. After two years of the coronavirus pandemic, international tourism is clearly showing signs of recovery. eCollection 2022 Oct-Dec. BMC Womens Health. Before He also claimed (wrongly) that it would make it easier to grant concessions to the Roman Catholics (who would become a minority in the new United Kingdom). Tourism is one of the worlds largest industries and the main force for development and prosperity in many parts of the world. Statista assumes no Get the best reports to understand your industry, Coronavirus: impact on the retail industry in the UK, Coronavirus: impact on eating and drinking out in the UK. "Population estimates.". These can not be disabled. Department for International Trade. The airline is the world's largest charter airline, carrying 11.8 million passengers in 2019. Report from the Norwegian Institute of Public Health No. Euravia (later renamed Britannia Airways in December 1964. We are mindful of the importance of travel and tourism for many countries in the world and for the people living there. ", Office for National Statistics. [9], Thomsonfly and First Choice Airways merged following the merger of the travel divisions of TUI Group and First Choice Holidays in September 2007. The larger economic decline in the U.K. relative to other countries reflects not just the restrictions imposed but the long period of the lockdown. Conclusions: Are you interested in testing our business solutions? It reveals that every 1 of the BBCs economic activity generates a total of 2.63 in the economy. This paper examines global and UK evidence on the economic impact of smoking prevalence and evaluates the effectiveness and cost effectiveness of smoking cessation measures. Total intervention costs could range from US$16,400 to US$580,000 depending on the scale and scope of intervention. The Tobacco Atlas. Office for Budget Responsibility. Bringing together the latest data on employment, prices and trade to give an overview of the economy in the UK. And TUI takes action. The cost effectiveness ratio of implementing non-price-based smoking cessation legislations (such as smoking restrictions in work places, public places, bans on tobacco advertisement, and raising the legal age of smokers) range from US$2 to US$112 per life year gained (LYG) while reducing smoking prevalence by up to 30%-82% in the long term (over a 50-year period).Smoking cessation classes are known to be most effective among community-based measures, as they could lead to a quit rate of up to 35%, but they usually incur higher costs than other measures such as self-help quit-smoking kits. [19], In May 2017, the brand TUI Airways began to be used in several areas and was implemented on all flight tracker applications. The economic burden of smoking estimated in terms of GDP reveals that smoking accounts for approximately 0.7% of China's GDP and approximately 1% of US GDP. 25 January 2023. Subsequently, the U.K. implemented some of the most draconian lockdown measures, with a general national lockdown from March to July. With its contribution to the national purse overwhelmingly spent elsewhere in the country, it is in London's interests as much as anyone else's that the UK's other cities, towns and regions . Please do not hesitate to contact me. The cultural economy of the UK is leading the way on the global stage. Itsquality of life is generally considered high, and the economy is quite diversified. Create Central is proud to be working closely with the BBC and our regional partners on activities aimed at turbo-charging the growth of the regions creative content sector.". Macroeconomics Definition, History, and Schools of Thought, Microeconomics Definition, Uses, and Concepts, 4 Economic Concepts Consumers Need to Know, Law of Supply and Demand in Economics: How It Works, Demand-Side Economics Definition, Examples of Policies, Supply-Side Theory: Definition and Comparison to Demand-Side. Most of the aircraft had been branded with 'TUI' titles, and onboard items such as glasses and napkins carried the new brand. Careers. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. "UK Trade in Numbers," Page 12. An official website of the United States government. Now - more than ever - we have a role to play in supporting social and economic recovery, promoting talent and serving all audiences up and down all four nations of the UK.. After difficult years following the coronavirus pandemic, TUI is profitable again, creating the basis for new growth as well as servicing its government loans. Our ambition is to continue to lead the industry and actively shape a more sustainable future for tourism in all three dimensions of sustainability (social, environmental and economic). Making up over 80% of the UK's totalvisitor economy, England's tourism sector is vibrant and vital. We use cookies to provide you with an optimized website experience. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/85380/1/9789241505871_eng.pdf, http://www.ash.org.uk/files/documents/ASH_94.pdf, NCI CPTC Antibody Characterization Program. The investable enterprise and overall leadership formally merged with TUI to form London (LSE) and Frankfurt (DAX) listed TUI Group since December 2014. Overseas visitors to England spent 24.8 billion in 2019, making 36.1 million trips. We are happy to help. For most of the 17th century, against the backdrop of the English Civil Wars, the Restoration, and the Glorious Revolution, England and Scotland remained under the rule of the same monarch, but repeated efforts to unite the two kingdoms were unsuccessful (save for Oliver Cromwells brief unification, maintained by an English army of occupation in Scotland during the Protectorate). International exports adding a significant contribution to the economy include: Higher education - 13.4bn; . [4] TUI's sister company, TUI UK (formerly Thomson Holidays), has ceased using the 'Thomson' brand, adopting the TUI UK brand on 18 October 2017.[20]. After posting steady growth in 2017, the U.K. manufacturing sector only grew by 0.4%, and construction output fell by 0.4%in 2018, according to The Blue Book: 2019 from theU.K. ONS. TUI Group publishes binding reduction targets by 2030 for airlines, hotels and cruise business and provides a strategic framework with the Sustainability Agenda. They include cookies for the operation and optimization of the website as well as cookies for analyses, retargeting and to provide personalised content on websites by third party providers. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS The included studies were assessed against criteria indicated in the Cochrane Reviewers Handbook version 5.0.0. The independent Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi), a collaboration by the UN Global Compact and WWF, among others, conducted an in-depth review of TUI's targets to ensure they were in line with the latest climate science and approved ago. It contributes 52 billion to UK GDP It supports 3,500 apprenticeships 1.7 billion is invested in Research & Development annually, with significant spin off benefits flowing out to other sectors and industries It pays nearly 8.7 billion in UK tax It invests over 15 million annually in charity, community and good causes. The business population increased by 61% from 2000 to 2021, when 2.1 million new businesses came into being. We will enable our customers to make sustainable holiday choices at every stage of the customer journey. The best of the best: the portal for top lists & rankings: Strategy and business building for the data-driven economy: Average weekly earning growth in the UK 2001-2022, Public sector spending in the United Kingdom 2021/22, Number of people employed in the UK 1971-2021, Gross domestic product of the United Kingdom from 1948 to 2021 (in million GBP), Annual growth of gross domestic product in the United Kingdom from 1949 to 2022, Gross domestic product per capita in the United Kingdom from 1955 to 2021 (in GBP), Quarterly gross domestic product in the United Kingdom from 1st quarter 1955 to 4th quarter 2022 (in million GBP), Quarterly growth of gross domestic product in the United Kingdom from 1st quarter 2015 to 4th quarter 2022, Quarterly GDP per capita in the UK 1955-2022, Quarterly GDP per capita in the United Kingdom from 1st quarter 1955 to 3rd quarter 2022 (in GBP), Monthly index of gross domestic product in the United Kingdom from January 1997 to December 2022, Monthly growth of gross domestic product in the United Kingdom from January 2020 to December 2022, Gross domestic product of the United Kingdom in 2020, by region (in million GBP), GDP growth rate in the UK 2020, by region, Annual growth rates of gross domestic product in the United Kingdom in 2020, by region, Gross domestic product per capita of the United Kingdom in 2020, by region (in GBP), Forecasted annual growth of gross domestic product in the United Kingdom from 2000 to 2027, Unemployment rate in the United Kingdom from March 1971 to December 2022, Employment rate in the United Kingdom from March 1971 to December 2022, Number of people unemployed in the UK 1971-2022, Number of people unemployed in the United Kingdom from March 1971 to December 2022 (in 1,000s), Number of people employed in the United Kingdom from March 1971 to December 2022 (in 1,000s), Unemployment rate in the UK 1971-2022, by gender, Unemployment rate in the United Kingdom from March 1971 to December 2022, by gender, Unemployment rate in the UK 1992-2022, by age group, Unemployment rate in the United Kingdom from May 1992 to December 2022, by age group, Youth unemployment rate in the UK 1992-2022, Youth unemployment rate in the United Kingdom from May 1992 to December 2022, Average annual earnings for full-time employees in the UK 1999-2022, Median annual earnings for full-time employees in the United Kingdom from 1999 to 2022 (in GBP), Average year-on-year growth of weekly earnings (3 month average) in the United Kingdom from March 2001 to December 2022, Number of redundancies in the UK 1995-2022, Average number of people made redundant in the United Kingdom from May 1995 to December 2022 (in 1,000s), Overall weekly hours worked in the UK 1971-2022, Overall weekly hours worked for all employees in the United Kingdom from May 1971 to December 2022 (in million hours worked), Output per hour worked in the UK 1971 to 2022, Economic output per hour worked in the United Kingdom from 1st quarter 1971 to 3rd quarter 2022 (2019=100), Annual unemployment rate in the UK 2000-2027, Annual unemployment rate in the United Kingdom from 2000 to 2027, Inflation rate for the Consumer Price Index (CPI) in the United Kingdom from January 1989 to January 2023, Inflation rate for the Retail Price Index in the United Kingdom from June 1948 to January 2023, Inflation rate for the Consumer Price Index including owner occupiers' housing costs (CPIH) in the United Kingdom from January 1989 to January 2023, Producer Price Index (PPI) in the United Kingdom from October 2010 to January 2023, CPI inflation rate in the UK 2023, by sector, Inflation rate for the Consumer Price Index (CPI) in the United Kingdom in January 2023, by sector, Consumer Price Index (CPI) in the United Kingdom from January 1988 to January 2023, Retail Price Index (RPI) in the United Kingdom from January 1987 to January 2023, Consumer Price Index including owner occupiers' housing costs (CPIH) in the United Kingdom from January 1988 to January 2023, Annual inflation rate of the Retail Price Index in the United Kingdom from 2000 to 2027, Annual inflation rate of the Consumer Price Index in the United Kingdom from 2000 to 2027, Central government current expenditure UK 1997-2021, Central government current expenditure in the United Kingdom from 1997/98 to 2020/21 (in million GBP), Government current receipts in the UK 1997-2021, Total central government current receipts in the United Kingdom from 1997/98 to 2020/21 (in million GBP), Public sector net debt in the UK 1997-2021, Public sector net debt in the United Kingdom from 1997/98 to 2020/21 (in billion GBP), Public sector net borrowing as a percentage of GDP in the UK 1920-2021, Public sector net borrowing as a percentage of gross domestic product in the United Kingdom from 1920/21 to 2020/21, Public sector net borrowing in the United Kingdom from 1997/98 to 2020/21 (in million GBP), National debt as a percentage of GDP in the UK 1920-2022, Public sector net debt expressed as a percentage of gross domestic product in the United Kingdom from 1920/21 to 2021/22, Budgeted public sector expenditure on services in the United Kingdom in 2021/22, by function (in billion GBP), Government revenue sources in the United Kingdom 2021/22, by source, Expected public sector current receipts in the United Kingdom in 2021/22, by function (in billion GBP), Largest companies in the United Kingdom based on revenue 2022, Largest companies in the United Kingdom based on revenue in 2022 (in billion US dollars), Largest UK companies based on number of global employees 2020, Largest companies based in the United Kingdom on number of employees worldwide in 2020 (in 1,000s), Number of private sector businesses in the UK 2000-2022, Number of private sector businesses in the United Kingdom from 2000 to 2022 (in millions), Number of private sector businesses in the UK 2022, by sector, Number of private sector businesses in the United Kingdom in 2022, by sector, Number of businesses by enterprise size in the UK 2022, Number of private sector businesses in the United Kingdom in 2022, by employment size, Number of private sector businesses in the UK 2022, by region, Number of private sector businesses in the United Kingdom in 2022, by region, Number of local business units in the UK 2012-2022, Number of local units in VAT and/or PAYE based enterprises in the United Kingdom from 2012 to 2022 (in millions), Business investment index in the UK 1997-2022, Business investment index in the United Kingdom from 1st quarter 1997 to 4th quarter 2022 (Q1 1997=100), Business confidence Index in the UK 1974-2023, Business confidence Index of the United Kingdom from March 1974 to January 2023 (100 = long-term average).
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