instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept by instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept by

2014; 114(2):47-55. With potentially hazardous or difficult maneuvers, the instructor should be alert and ready to take control at any time. shows, the consequences of non-compliance can be very serious. With the advent of electronic checklists, it has become easier to develop and maintain personal checklists from the manufacturers checklist with additions for specific aircraft and operations, In addition, the AFM/POH, which is required to be carried onboard the aircraft, is essential for accurate flight planning and for resolving inflight equipment malfunctions. Commonly known as the "sterile cockpit rule," these regulations When this occurs, the instructor should be prepared to schedule additional training, Positive exchange of flight controls is an integral part of flight training. How can a flight instructor ensure the safety of flight training activities, and also train clients to operate their aircraft safely after they leave the relatively protected flight training environment? Exact interpretation of what constitutes the "sterile zone" is influenced by aircraft type, role, and operating environment. Due to the importance of this subject, the following discussion provides guidance on the recommended procedure to use for the positive exchange of flight controls between pilots when operating an aircraft, Incident/accident statistics indicate a need to place additional emphasis on the exchange of control of an aircraft by pilots. Once an emergency is declared, air traffic control (ATC) gives the pilot priority handling. the FAA enacted FAR 121.542 and FAR 135.100 to help curb the number of these The rate at which the aircraft rolls depends on how much aileron deflection is used. instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept by. related purposes as ordering galley supplies and confirming passenger The assessment must consider the students mastery of the elements involved in the maneuver, rather than merely the overall performance, In order for a student to be signed off for a solo flight, the CFI must determine that the student is qualified and proficient in the flight tasks necessary for the flight. When becoming overloaded, the student should stop, think, slow down, and prioritize. In addition, their motivation suffers no matter how intent they are on learning to fly. Students who are not completely at ease, and whose attention is diverted by discomforts such as the extremes of temperature, poor ventilation, inadequate lighting, or noise and confusion, cannot learn at a normal rate. Recognising and minimising distraction should improve patient safety. When the aircraft was fueled the following morning, 60 gallons of fuel were required to fill the 62-gallon capacity tanks. Postflight critiques should be in a written format, such as notes to aid the flight instructor in covering all areas that were noticed during the flight or lesson. They naturally accept the fact that the manipulation of the flight controls is identical, regardless of which references are used to determine the attitude of the aircraft. After a series This is admittedly difficult, but must be accomplished if learning is to proceed at a normal rate, Worries and emotional upsets that result from a flight training course can be identified and addressed. In this step, the student actually plays the role of instructor, telling the instructor what to do and how to do it. The four-engine Dash 7 was was extraneous conversation between cockpit crew members. Learn to use English in your pool match. It is very important for the flight instructor to debrief a student immediately after a solo flight. Although not all assessments lend themselves to reteaching, the instructor should be alert to the possibility and take advantage of the opportunity when it arises. This was our second highest source of deviation here to go to FAR 121.542 and 135.100. Situational awareness is the accurate perception and understanding of all the factors and conditions within the four fundamental risk elements that affect safety before, during, and after the flight. instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept by. As an example, a level turn might be demonstrated and described by the instructor in the following way: Use outside visual references and monitor the flight instruments, After clearing the airspace around the aircraft, add power slightly, turn the aircraft in the desired direction, and apply a slight amount of back pressure on the yoke to maintain altitude. If fuel quantity is lower than expected on a cross-country flight, the priority can shift from making a scheduled arrival time at the destination, to locating a nearby airport to refuel. sterile cockpit rule over the past decade, pilots have continued to have accidents Many companies have already established section, critical phase of flight involves all ground operations involving Nothing destroys a students interest as quickly as a poorly organized period of instruction. The instructor should be satisfied that the student is well prepared and understands the task before starting. SRM is the art and science of managing all resources (both onboard the aircraft and from outside sources) available to a single pilot (prior and during flight) to ensure the successful outcome of the flight, These key principles are often collectively called ADM. Seccin instructora. by the conversation. All rights reserved. It's no secret. The student must be comfortable, confident in the instructor and the aircraft, and at ease if effective learning is to occur. We carefully reviewed 63 reports that had been previously coded When teaching more than one skill at the same time, the simple-to-complex strategy works well. Look at how extraneous chatter with air traffic controllers introduced Sterile Cockpit. Since this is a learning phase rather than an evaluation phase of the training, errors or unsafe practices should be identified and corrected in a positive and timely way. Unexpected calls or cockpit entry Onset of this condition may be recognized by the symptoms of dehydration, but also has been known to be recognized only by complete collapse. Applying aviation's sterile cockpit rule may be a useful addition to our clinical practice. The habitual attention to instrument indications leads to improved landings because of more precise airspeed control. captain should also inform the flight attendants how they can determine if the [Figure 8-1] The application of outmoded instructional procedures or the preparation of students using obsolete certification requirements is inexcusable. This commentary describes how a team of nurses applied the sterile cockpit concept in their unit to decrease interruptions during medication administration. When this training technique is used, instruction in the control of an aircraft by outside visual references is integrated with instruction in the use of flight instrument indications for the same operations, It important for the student to establish the habit of observing and relying on flight instruments from the beginning of flight training. When necessary, the instructor should take the controls and calmly announce, "I have the flight controls." It states that: "No flight crew member may perform any duties during a critical phase of flight not required for . The actions to be taken in each of these circumstances would be significantly different. cockpit rule. It is important that students be given an opportunity to perform the skill as soon as possible after a demonstration, Then, the instructor reviews what has been covered during the instructional flight and determines to what extent the student has met the objectives outlined during the preflight discussion. FAR 121.542, often referred to as the "Sterile Cockpit Rule", reads: (a) No certificate holder shall require, nor may any flight crewmember perform, any duties during a critical phase of flight except those duties required for the safe operation of the aircraft. He did not use the fuel tables printed in the pilots operating handbook (POH) for the aircraft he was flying on this trip. critical phase of flight which could distract any flight crew member from Use coordinated aileron and rudder control pressures. In many districts, the board has delegated authority to an administrator or third party to hear the expulsion case. Sometimes, sound ADM calls for going against procedure. Fatigue is the primary consideration in determining the length and frequency of flight instruction periods and flight instruction should be continued only as long as the student is alert, receptive to instruction, and is performing at a level consistent with experience, It is important for a CFI to be able to detect fatigue, both in assessing a students substandard performance early in a lesson, and also in recognizing the deterioration of performance. Based on his original calculations, he believed sufficient fuel remained for the flight home, Fatigue/failure to recognize personal limitationsin the presence of deteriorating weather, the pilot departed for the flight home at 5:00 p.m. Human Error in Aviation and Legal Process, Stabilised Approach Awareness Toolkit for ATC, Flight Deck Procedures (A Guide for Controllers), International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO), "Accident and Incident Reports Show Importance of Sterile Cockpit Compliance". When the skill being taught is related to previously learned procedures or maneuvers, the known to unknown strategy may be used effectively. In addition to policy development, a board of education may become involved in student discipline when it is necessary to expel a student from school. require, nor may any flight crew member perform any duties during a critical Doing several things at once, though, may mean that something important falls through the cracks. problems for these crews. But as this review Worry or distraction may be due to student concerns about progress in the training course, or may stem from circumstances completely unrelated to their instruction. This is true no matter how diligently they attempt to apply themselves to the learning task, A minor illness, such as a cold, major illness, or injury, interferes with the normal rate of learning. Additional information on recommendations and endorsements can be found in Appendix E, Flight Instructor Endorsements, Remember that students learning is sometimes subject to their environment, Be sure to provide challenges such as crosswinds in training before they see it on their checkride, or potentially worse, as a brand new pilot with passengers. Flight Instructors and the Sterile Cockpit Rule These two reports represent the dilemma all flight instructors face when applying the sterile cockpit rule to actual flight instruction. This may prompt the student to evaluate how these factors affect performance and judgment. discovered, his absence from the ATC frequency caused an overload with his First In fact, experts have demonstrated that in order to [Figure 8-8], In order for a student to self-examine behaviors during flight, he or she must be taught the potential risks caused from hazardous attitudes and, more importantly, the antidote for each. To learn skills, students must practice. Failure to do so lengthens the flight instruction necessary for the student to achieve the competency required for a private pilot certificate. Certain obstacles are common to flight instruction and may apply directly to the students attitude, physical condition, and psychological make-up. indicated that the pilot was having a conversation with a passenger who However, a pilot can learn to recognize those factors that can be managed, and learn skills to improve decision-making ability and judgment, While the ADM process does not eliminate errors, it helps the pilot recognize errors, and in turn enables the pilot to manage the error to minimize its effects. It is important for the flight instructor to answer any questions the student may have as result of a solo flight. She also contacts the nearest AFSS to amend her flight plan and check weather conditions at the new destination. Reviewing the appropriate chart and setting radio frequencies well in advance of need helps reduce workload as the flight nears the airport. This is also true with the flight proficiency endorsement that is placed in the applicants logbook or training record (Advisory Circular (AC) 61-65). surgery would think too kindly of the surgical team who failed to sterilize The instructor must quickly evaluate the students need for help, and not hesitate to take control, if required. As she proceeds to the airport, she continues to monitor groundspeed, aircraft performance, and weather conditions to ensure no additional steps need to be taken to guarantee the safety of the flight, It is important to stress to a student that being familiar with the decision-making process does not ensure he or she has the good judgment to be a safe pilot. Instructors need to be involved in all aspects of the flight to ensure the student utilizes correct flight procedures. When introducing lesson tasks, flight instructors should not introduce the minimum acceptable standards for passing the checkride. The chapter begins with practical strategies flight instructors can use to enhance their instruction, the demonstration-performance training delivery method of flight instruction, integrated flight instruction, positive exchange of flight controls, use of distractions, obstacles to learning encountered during flight training, and how to evaluate students. During the postflight evaluation, collaborative assessment is used to evaluate whether certain learning criteria were met during the SBT, Collaborative assessment includes learner self-assessment and a detailed assessment by the aviation instructor. Aviation strategies often guide patient safety improvement discussions. Collaborative assessment is used to evaluate whether certain learning criteria were met during the SBT, Collaborative assessment includes two partslearner self-assessment and a detailed assessment by the flight instructor. In assessing the ability of a student, the instructor initially determines if he or she understands the procedure or maneuver. No person about to undergo major suggestion following an altitude deviation. Learn how to play pool better; offense, defense, safety and warm up drills by the top pool coach and instructor in the world, The Drill Instructor. visiting the cockpit or calling on the interphone were noted in almost one quarter Therefore, in addition to forcing total concentration on the part of the student, this method provides a means for keeping the instructor aware of what the student is thinking. This focuses concentration on the task to be accomplished, so that total involvement in the maneuver is fostered. However, at a minimum, the instructor needs to cite the appropriate 14 CFR part 61 section that has been completed, FAA inspectors and DPEs rely on flight instructor recommendations as evidence of qualification for certification, and proof that a review has been given of the subject areas found to be deficient on the appropriate knowledge test. on an instrument approach to Runway 04 when it crashed into high terrain For more information on how to reduce the odds of becoming involved in a midair collision, see www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ato/tracon/anchorage/pilots_info/mca/, Assessment is an essential component of the teaching process and determines how, what, and how well a student is learning. Jumping, Aiming and Breaking, learn how to hit center ball. He did not consider how fatigue and lack of extensive night flying experience could affect the flight, Fuel exhaustionwith the aircraft fuel supply almost exhausted, the pilot no longer had the option of diverting to avoid rapidly developing thunderstorms. Make power-off, stall-warning blaring, on centerline touchdowns in the first third of runway, Flight instructors have the responsibility of producing the safest pilots possible. ( Click here to go to FAR 121.542 and 135.100 .) A student who is airsick or bothered with incipient airsickness is incapable of learning at a normal rate. The student should be able to describe the procedures for traffic pattern entry and landing preparation. This tendency will dissipate with time, but allowing the student to see the effect of his or her control input is a valuable aid in illustrating the stability of the aircraft. This is true of all flight students, but special handling by the instructor may be required for students who are obviously anxious or uncomfortable, The demonstration-performance training delivery method was discussed briefly in Chapter 4, The Teaching Process, but the following in-depth discussion is geared to the flight instructor. Copyright SKYbrary Aviation Safety, 2021-2023. Passengers can help watch for traffic and may be able to provide information in an irregular situation, especially if they are familiar with flying. As pilots, we pride ourselves on the ability to multitask. Objective: There is general enthusiasm for applying strategies from aviation directly to medical care; the application of the "sterile cockpit" rule to surgery has accordingly been suggested. to the top of the article, Click This may be done as each procedure or maneuver is completed or summarized during postflight critiques. ", back The instructor realized too late that the gear was still up. Pilots in training who have been required to perform all normal flight maneuvers by reference to instruments, as well as by outside references, will develop from the start the habit of continuously monitoring their own and the aircrafts performance. With the increased use of two-crew member cockpits this consideration is increasingly The demonstration-performance method is divided into four phases: explanation, demonstration, student performance with instructor supervision, and evaluation. Rules and regulations are designed to address known or suspected conditions detrimental to safety, but there is always the probability that some new combination of circumstances not contemplated by the regulations will arise, The recognition of aviation training and flight operations as a system led to a "system approach" to aviation safety. Aircraft Destroyed. . Instill importance of "see and avoid" in the student, During landingconduct stabilized approaches, maintain desired airspeed on final, demonstrate good judgment for go-arounds, wake turbulence, traffic, and terrain avoidance. It is recommended that the Captain, during the pre-departure A flight instructor who makes a practical test recommendation for an applicant seeking a certificate or rating should require the applicant to demonstrate thoroughly the knowledge and skill level required for that certificate or rating. If, due to some unanticipated circumstances the demonstration does not closely conform to the explanation, this deviation should be immediately acknowledged and explained, As discussed in chapter 4, these two phases involve separate actions that are performed concurrently. The student is not only learning to do something, but he or she is also learning a self-teaching process that is highly desirable in development of a skill, The exact procedures that the instructor should use during student practice depends on factors such as the students proficiency level, the type of maneuver, and the stage of training. Consequently, important things were missed. The common thread to the accidents were flight crews distracted from flying by non-essential conversations and activities during . For example, the assistance of ATC may be very useful if a pilot is lost. In 1981 more than one culprit. Then, the instructor adds unforeseen circumstances such as a sudden change in weather that brings excessive winds during final approach. Fatigue can be either acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term). While the regulation grew out of accidents in the airline industry, it holds true for the entire aviation community. Motivation also declines when a student believes the instructor is making unreasonable demands for performance and progress. Disinterest grows rapidly when unnecessary repetition and drill are requested on operations that have already been adequately learned, Worry or lack of interest has a detrimental effect on learning. Aspiring instructors should be prepared to specialise and dedicate their careers to the field of training, leaving others to management and operational leadership. Instructors should also take care to clearly describe the actions students are expected to perform. Before leaving this phase, the instructor should encourage students to ask questions about any step of the procedure that they do not understand, The instructor must show students the actions necessary to perform a skill. Upon reaching a wings-level attitude, reduce power and trim to remove control pressures, Second, the student tells as the instructor does. Keep all radio communications to a minimum. Additional information can be obtained from veteran flight instructors. when the crew diverted attention from the task at hand and became occupied with taxi, takeoff and landing, and all other flight operations conducted below [Figure 8-11], During a lesson, workload can be gradually increased as the instructor monitors the students management of tasks. This is why once an initial assumption is made regarding the problem, other sources must be used to verify that the pilots conclusion is correct, While on a cross-country flight, Brenda discovers her time en route between two checkpoints is significantly longer than the time she originally calculated. It is not mandatory, but recommended for all endorsements to be worded exactly as those in the AC. However, keep in mind that the required amount of lead really depends on the type of turn, turn rate, and roll-out rate. It is easy to determine whether an error is induced by a misconception or by a simple lack of motor skills. If the student has been adequately prepared and the procedure or maneuver fully explained and demonstrated, meaningful learning occurs. The overall focus of flight training should be on education, learning, and understanding why the standards are there and how they were set. safe operation of the aircraft. For those who develop company procedures, consideration By following these teaching guidelines, the student is better equipped to properly execute landings when he or she solos. involving high elevation airports, where 10,000 feet MSL for the sterile cockpit Because their intention was for the student to demonstrate a soft field landing, both pilots expected the stall warning horn they heard. Learning to manage time more effectively can help pilots avoid heavy pressures imposed by getting behind schedule and not meeting deadlines. If possible, avoid ending the evaluation on a negative note, As discussed in Chapter 5, Assessment, collaborative assessment (or learner centered grading (LCG)) is a form of authentic assessment currently used in aviation training with problem-based learning (PBL). | Privacy Policy | Terms of Service | Sitemap | Patreon | Contact, Aviation Instructors Handbook (4-1) The Teaching Process. The first effect of high workload is that the pilot begins to work faster. carolina health specialists phone number. April 4, 2016 by Klauder Phil. The self-assessment is followed by an in-depth discussion between the instructor and the student which compares the instructors assessment to the students self-assessment, During the students first solo flight, the instructor must be present to assist in answering questions or resolving any issues that arise during the flight. In this case, the students knowledge of the aircraft, the POH, an instructor or other experienced pilot, or an AMT can be a resource which may help define the problem, During cross-country training, students may be asked to consider the following situation.