progressive era literature progressive era literature

How did the Progressive Era affect women? [87] University economics professors John R. Commons and Harold Groves enabled Wisconsin to create the first unemployment compensation program in the United States in 1932. One early success came in the Newfoundland fisheries dispute between the United States and Britain in 1910. What were the most impressive achievements of Progressive reformers? However, many rejected the reform. In late 1917, Congress passed the Eighteenth Amendment; it was ratified in 1919 and took effect in January 1920. A coalition of middle class reform-oriented voters, academic experts, and reformers hostile to the political machines started forming in the 1890s and introduced a series of reforms in urban America, designed to reduce waste, inefficiency and corruption, by introducing scientific methods, compulsory education and administrative innovations. [152], The direct primary became important at the state level starting in the 1890s and at the local level in the 1900s. The system continues strong into the 21st century. [51], Gifford Pinchot was an American forester and politician. They craved more sexual freedom following the sexually repressive and restrictive Victorian Era. In response to monopolies in the railroad and steel industries, the, Diversity and disagreement within progressivism, Causes and Effects of the Progressive Era, https://www.britannica.com/summary/The-Progressive-Era-Key-Facts. [240] The Southern Education Board came together to publicize the importance of reform. Columbia University, 1958. [56], Upton Sinclair was an American writer who wrote nearly 100 books and other works in several genres. Populism emerged earlier and came out of the farm community. ", Dewey W. Grantham, "The Contours of Southern Progressivism. Direct link to Ginny Kabwe Ortiz's post Sterilization is a medica, Posted 7 years ago. [215][216][217] The tone was typified by his denunciation of "predatory wealth" in a message he sent Congress in January 1908 calling for passage of new labor laws: Predatory wealthof the wealth accumulated on a giant scale by all forms of iniquity, ranging from the oppression of wageworkers to unfair and unwholesome methods of crushing out competition, and to defrauding the public by stock jobbing and the manipulation of securities. Lincoln Steffens was another investigative journalist and one of the leading muckrakers. [198], Progressives looked to legal arbitration as an alternative to warfare. This era had a. [90] The Stalwarts controlled the Regents, and their interference in academic freedom outraged the faculty. Reformers such as Taft believed landownership would turn unruly agrarians into loyal subjects. ", Paul L. Murphy, "World War I and the Origin of Civil Liberties in the United States" (1979), Arthur S. Link, "What Happened to the Progressive Movement in the 1920s?,", Stanley Coben, "Ordinary white Protestants: The KKK of the 1920s,", Barry C. Edwards, "Putting Hoover on the Map: Was the 31st President a Progressive. The social structure in rural Philippines was highly traditional and highly unequal. The Progressive movement split into hostile factions. Historian Arthur S. Link says they felt they were, "Inspired by the confidence that they knew better how to promote the peace and well-being of other countries than did the leaders of those countries themselves. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/13/us/college-admissions-probe.html. The Progressive Era was so deeply marked by the rapid development of global capitalism that Benedict Anderson, the political scientist best known for his book Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, characterized the period as the "Age of Globalization." [33] Along these lines, the founder of Hull-House, Jane Addams, coined the term "association" as a counter to Individualism, with association referring to the search for a relationship between the classes. Literature guides Concept explainers Writing guide Popular textbooks Popular high school textbooks Popular Q&A Business Accounting Economics Finance Leadership Management Marketing Operations Management Engineering Bioengineering Chemical Engineering Civil Engineering . ", Dalton, Kathleen. [7], Another theme was bringing to bear scientific, medical, and engineering solutions to reform local government, public education, medicine, finance, insurance, industry, railroads, churches, and much else. The main themes ended during American involvement in World War I (19171918) while the waste and efficiency elements continued into the 1920s. Edwards, "Putting Hoover on the Map: Was the 31st President a Progressive" p 60. This disarray enabled the conservatives (called "Stalwarts") to elect Emanuel Philipp as governor in 1914. This attitude started to change during the depression of the 1890s when small business, farm, and labor movements began asking the government to intercede on their behalf. Middle-class women formed local clubs, which after 1890 were coordinated by the General Federation of Women's Clubs (GFWC). Some of the most famous Progressive reformers were, Progressive reformers successfully influenced the passage of much substantive legislation, including several amendments to the US Constitution. It then flooded the state with letters seeking new members, money, and endorsements from organizations like the State Federation of Labor. They remained staunch isolationists deeply opposed to any involvement in Europe. Programs for new mothers included maternity care and training in baby care.[179]. By the early 1920s, a consensus had been reached that the total influx of immigration had to be restricted, and a series of laws in the 1920s accomplished that purpose. Overviews America in the Age of the Titans: The Progressive Era and World War I Call Number: 973.91 C3384 a American Reformers 1870-1920: Progressives in Word and Deed Call Number: 303.484092 P6627 a Breaking the Heart of the World: Woodrow Wilson and the Fight For the League of Nations Call Number: 973.913 C7773 b Although the Progressive Era was characterized by public support for World War I under Woodrow Wilson, there was also a substantial opposition to the war. [241], The Flexner Report of 1910, sponsored by the Carnegie Foundation, professionalized American medicine by discarding the scores of local small medical schools and focusing national funds, resources, and prestige on larger, professionalized medical schools associated with universities. The outbreak of World War I in 1914 halted most transcontinental immigration, only after 1919 did the flow of immigrants resume. Sinclair's work was well known and popular in the first half of the 20th century, and he won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1943. In 1913, Congress passed the WebbKenyon Act, which forbade the transport of liquor into dry states. [10] Professionalization meant creating new career tracks in the universities, with hiring and promotion dependent on meeting international models of scholarship. [202], The Philippines were acquired by the United States in 1899, after victory over Spanish forces at the Battle of Manila Bay and a long series of controversial political debates between the senate and President McKinley and was considered the largest colonial acquisition by the United States at this time. Timothy R. Buckner (Editor) (shelved 1 time as gilded-age-progressive-era) avg rating 5.00 1 rating published 2011. Download or read book The Gilded Age and Progressive Era written by Wendy Martin and published by Greenwood. Progressives drew support from the middle class, and supporters included many lawyers, teachers, physicians, ministers, and business people.[13]. In 1905 the legislature elected him to the United States Senate, where he emerged as a national progressive leader, often clashing with conservatives like Senator Nelson Aldrich. Gene Clanton, "Populism, Progressivism, and Equality: The Kansas Paradigm". Al Capone was one of the most well-known criminals to partake in illegal alcohol sales. [224] Timberlake (1963) argues the dries sought to break the liquor trust, weaken the saloon base of big-city machines, enhance industrial efficiency, and reduce the level of wife beating, child abuse, and poverty caused by alcoholism. Charles Edward Russell led the reform writers with exposs ranging from The Greatest Trust in the World (1905) to The Uprising of the Many (1907), the latter of which reported on methods being tried to extend democracy in other countries. Outside the Senate, however, a strong majority of the surviving Progressives from the 1910s had become conservative opponents of New Deal economic planning.[283]. Jensen, Richard. Paul's members chained themselves to the White House fence to get arrested, then went on hunger strikes to gain publicity. The movement's attempts at introducing urban reforms to rural America often met resistance from traditionalists who saw the country-lifers as aggressive modernizers who were condescending and out of touch with rural life. Progressive reformers like Robert LaFolette led the demand for new labor . Two years later, however, when the legislature had to consider the amendment again before it could be submitted to the general electorate. The changing nature of the American economy due to industrialization had placed a high toll on citizens, and its effects were more fully realized at the turn of the twentieth century. [173][174] The South had fewer cars and trucks and much less money, but it worked through highly visible demonstration projects like the "Dixie Highway. [129], The National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) was an American women's rights organization formed in May 1890 as a unification of the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) and the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA). The leadership of the GOP in Congress moved to the right, as did his protg President William Howard Taft. The 16th amendment made an income tax legal (this required an amendment due to Article One, Section 9 of the Constitution, which required that direct taxes be laid on the States in proportion to their population as determined by the decennial census). [133], Across the South, black communities developed their own Progressive reform projects. Women's rights advanced a bit, and women were given the right to vote with the passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920. Significant changes enacted at the national levels included the imposition of an income tax with the Sixteenth Amendment, direct election of Senators with the Seventeenth Amendment, prohibition of alcohol with the Eighteenth Amendment, election reforms to stop corruption and fraud, and women's suffrage through the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. [196] Immigration restriction continued to be a national policy until after World War II. The Progressives also made strides in attempts to reduce political corruption through the 17th amendment (direct election of U.S. It rejects inaccurate portrayals of the real world, and focuses instead on details and physical appearances. Are there still more robbers barons today, Yes. [230] In August 1917, the Lever Food and Fuel Control Act banned production of distilled spirits for the duration of the war. It was not controversial and had the effect of eliminating purchased votes since the purchaser could not see how the person voted. [227] The Anti-Saloon League which began in Ohio was formed in 1893, uniting activists from different religious groups. Most of its activists had opposed populism. For most white politicians racial equality wasn't really a prime concern, so sadly, things like the KKK and racial violence were just overlooked for other matters that were considered 'more important'. How would you describe the Progressive worldview? Sandbrook, Dominic. He initially supported President Taft, but broke with Taft after the latter failed to push a reduction in tariff rates. American life. "The SheppardTowner act: Progressivism in the 1920s. 1920 Congress passes the Nineteenth Amendment, giving all women citizens the right to vote in U.S. elections. [118] Local public assistance programs were reformed to try to keep families together. Hope that helps! [182] Another significant constitutional change that began during the progressive era was the incorporation of the Bill of Rights so that those rights would apply to the states. In 1920, Benjamin Gitlow was convicted under the Espionage Act of 1917 and the case went all the way to the Supreme Court, where the justices decided that the First Amendment applied to the states as well as the federal government. However, some former Populists changed their emphasis after 1900 and supported progressive reforms. Mary Richmond and Jane Addams: From Moral Certainty to Rational Inquiry in Social Work Practice. The Progressive political crusades were overshadowed in 1919 by violent confrontations with Bolsheviks (Communists), anarchists and violent strikes. Fathers, Preachers, Rebels, Men: Black Masculinity in U.S. History and Literature, 1820-1945 (Hardcover) by. In M. Fischer, C. Nackenoff, & W. Chielewski, Carl Eis, "The 19191930 Merger Movement In American Industry", Peter H. Argersinger, "Electoral Processes." Direct link to Jae Foc's post Why were muckrakers neede, Posted 5 years ago. The second key assumption was that the power of the federal government could be harnessed to improve the individual and transform society. Prohibition was backed by the Methodists, Baptists, Congregationalists, Scandinavian Lutherans and other evangelical churches. A leading Republican, Cummins fought to break up monopolies. [150], The Seventeenth Amendment was ratified in 1913, requiring that all senators be elected by the people (they were formerly appointed by state legislatures). [142][143][144] As white Progressives sought to help the white working class, clean up politics, and improve the cities, the country instated the system of racial segregation known as Jim Crow. [273], Historians of women and of youth emphasize the strength of the Progressive impulse in the 1920s. White Supremacists adhered to "Social Darwinism"- a construed way of thinking that espouses the idea that certain races and classes are more evolved than others. [260] However, as Arthur S. Link emphasized, the Progressives did not simply roll over and play dead. Solty, Ingar. Progressives argued these needs deserved a higher priority. organizations that hoped to protect women and children from exploitation. Richard Hofstadter, for example, in 1955 wrote that prohibition, "was a pseudo-reform, a pinched, parochial substitute for reform" that "was carried about America by the ruralevangelical virus". As part of this tradition of maternal activism, the Progressive-era General Federation supported a range of causes from the pure food and drug administration to public health care for mothers and children, to a ban on child labor, each of which looked to the state to help implement their vision of social justice. Roosevelt's rhetoric was characterized by an intense moralism of personal righteousness. Many spent this leisure time at movie theaters. Urban cosmopolitan scholars recoiled at the moralism of prohibition, the intolerance of the nativists and the KKK, and on those grounds denounced the era. Direct link to Tyrone Reid's post Are there still more robb, Posted 4 years ago. The drys worked energetically to secure two-thirds majority of both houses of Congress and the support of three-quarters of the states needed for an amendment to the federal constitution. They wrote for popular magazines to expose social and political sins and shortcomings. Funding came from automobile registration, and taxes on motor fuels, as well as state aid. Weegy: Direct election of US Senators was a Progressive Era reform. "[175], Rural schools were often poorly funded, one room operations. Ph.D. dissertation. I'd say it was a mixture of pro and con. The Progressive Era Key Facts", H-SHGAPE, H-Net Reviews. Based on our analysis, Rep. Sanchez's track record and policy positions demonstrate that she will continue to be a progressive champion for the constituents of CD-38 and will govern effectively in the best . (41) $1.99. Upton Sinclair's The Jungle (1906) was influential and persuaded America about the supposed horrors of the Chicago Union Stock Yards, a giant complex of meat processing plants that developed in the 1870s. Advocates of home economics argued that homemaking, as a profession, required education and training for the development of an efficient and systematic domestic practice. In the early 20th century most states adopted the system for local and state racesbut only 14 used it for delegates to the national presidential nominating conventions. Home economics emerged at the end of the nineteenth century in response to the many changes occurring both at the level of material culture and practices and in the more abstract realm of gender ideology and thinking about the home. Richard Jensen and Mark Friedberger, "Education and Social Structure: An Historical Study of Iowa, 18701930" (Chicago: Newberry Library, 1976, Ballard Campbell, "Economic Causes of Progressivism,", Vincent W. Howard, "Woodrow Wilson, The Press, and Presidential Leadership: Another Look at the Passage of the Underwood Tariff, 1913,", James C German Jr "The Taft administration and the Sherman Antitrust Act,", George W. Wickersham, "Recent Interpretation of the Sherman Act.". School funds and the term of public schools also grew. [250] The Catholics strongly opposed birth control proposals such as eugenics.[251]. However, in 1912 McGovern supported Roosevelt for president and LaFollette was outraged. Most Northern states followed suit, with reformers proclaiming grass roots democracy. It was radically egalitarian in favor of the disadvantaged classes. It was elitist, and emphasized education and expertise. Ellen Natasha Thompson, "The Changing Needs of Our Youth Today: The Response of 4-H to Social and Economic Transformations in Twentieth-century North Carolina." The Progressive Era is considered as the combination and interaction of a variety of different ideas and activities that emerged during the years of 1890 and 1920 as a consequence for needed new reforms by pressure groups in responding to various social, political, and economic The Progressive Era was one of general prosperity after the Panic of 1893a severe depressionended in 1897. Wiebe, Robert. They were dueling for control of the Republican Party and Roosevelt encouraged the Senate to impose amendments that significantly weakened the treaties. While the British suffragettes stopped their protests in 1914 and supported the British war effort, Paul began her campaign in 1917 and was widely criticized for ignoring the war and attracting radical anti-war elements. Kansas was a leader, where it was promoted in the press, led by Henry J. Allen of the Wichita Beacon, and pushed through by Governor Arthur Capper. August 2013, online, "Celebrating Women's History Month: The Fight for Women's Rights and the American Civil Liberties Union, ACLU", "Wisconsin's Legal History: Law and the Progressive Era, Part 3: Reforming the Workplace", "The Establishment of Wisconsin's Income Tax", "The Origins of Unemployment Insurance in Wisconsin", "Initiative, Referendum and Recall Introduction", "Transnational Reform and Democracy: Election Reforms in New York City and Berlin Around 1900", Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era, "Consensus for Reform: The Mothers'-Pension Movement in the Progressive Era", "State Initiative and Referendum Summary", "Retrospectives: Eugenics and Economics in the Progressive Era", UC Santa Barbara, The American Presidency Project, https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/aug/26/lawless-prohibition-gangsters-speakeasies, "A Brief Overview of Progressive Education", "Statistics: Education in America, 18601950", Bibliography of Woodrow Wilson Other primary sources, 1908 Republican campaign text-book online, 1916 Republican campaign text-book online, "Citizenship in a Republic" (1910 speech), "Progressive Cause Greater Than Any Individual" (1912 post-assassination-attempt speech), Theodore Roosevelt Center and Digital Library, Theodore Roosevelt United States Courthouse, North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911, Insular Government of the Philippine Islands, National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Progressive_Era&oldid=1141038313, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2022, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Articles with minor POV problems from September 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Baker, Paula. [157], The Northeast was laggard in adopting the direct primary, with Connecticut and Rhode Island the last states to sign up. [103], North Carolina, along with all the southern states, imposed strict legal segregation in the early 20th century. "The National Progressive Republican League and the Elusive Quest for Progressive Unity.". There was a concern towards working class children being taken out of school to be put straight to work. Some was based on personalitiesespecially La Follette's style of violent personal attacks against other Progressives, and some was based on who should pay, with the division between farmers (who paid property taxes) and the urban element (which paid income taxes). ", Stuart W. Shulman, "The Progressive Era Farm Press,". He called for government ownership of railroads and electric utilities, cheap credit for farmers, stronger laws to help labor unions, and protections for civil liberties. Close ties were built with the local business community, as in the "community chest" movement. in Christopher M. Nichols and Nancy C. Unger, eds. Era of United States history between 1896 and 1917, Originators of progressive ideals and efforts, Popular democracy: Initiative and referendum. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. There they would be taught by full-time professional teachers who had graduated from the states' teachers colleges, were certified, and were monitored by the county superintendents. He failed to win the nomination for governor in 1896 and 1898 before winning the 1900 gubernatorial election. During the Progressive Era, artists began to focus more on the realistic aspects of life. Wik, for example, argues that Ford's "views on technology and the mechanization of rural America were generally enlightened, progressive, and often far ahead of his times. His leadership put the conservation of forests high on America's priority list. [145], One of the most impacting issues African Americans had to face during the Progressive Era was the right to vote. La Follette's refusal to support Roosevelt, and especially his suicidal ranting speech before media leaders in February 1912, alienated many progressives. Public sentiment was against monopolies, and legislators worked to regulate the massive corporations that wielded economic and political power. [231], Prohibition also brought a rise to organized crime, which was able to profit off the sales of illegal alcohol. [242][243] Prominent leaders included the Mayo Brothers whose Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, became world-famous for innovative surgery. Score .8862. Like AWSA and NWSA before it, the NAWSA pushed for a constitutional amendment guaranteeing women's voting rights, and was instrumental in winning the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1920. La Follette forfeited his stature as a national leader of progressive Republicans, while remaining a power in Wisconsin. A massive flood in Dayton in 1913 killed 400 people and caused $100 million in property damage. [244], In the legal profession, the American Bar Association set up in 1900 the Association of American Law Schools (AALS). Many of today's U.S. regulatory agencies were created during these years, including the Interstate Commerce Commission and the Federal Trade Commission. The social hygiene movement brought together different groups that were concerned with venereal disease, prostitution, society's moral standards, and family life. The Panic of 1907 was followed by a small decline in real wages and increased unemployment, with both trends continuing until World War I. Campbell emphasizes the resulting stress on public finance and the impact on the Wilson administration's policies. 93 Recent literature has reconsidered the meaning of the Progressive era. Prosperity was returning after the devastating panic of 1893. Certain wealthy men of this stamp, whose conduct should be abhorrent to every man of ordinarily decent conscience, and who commit the hideous wrong of teaching our young men that phenomenal business success must ordinarily be based on dishonesty, have during the last few months made it apparent that they have banded together to work for a reaction. Direct link to Robert Novitsky's post How did the U.S. congress, Posted 7 years ago. The Progressive Era isn't merely an event that happened in the past, but a contemporary topic. "[258] The slogan was no longer accurate by April 6 of the following year, when Wilson surprised much of the Progressive base that twice elected him and asked a joint session of Congress to declare war on Germany. U'Ren also helped in the passage of an amendment in 1908 that gave voters power to recall elected officials, and would go on to establish, at the state level, popular election of U.S. [124], President Taft signed the March 4, 1913, bill (the last day of his presidency), establishing the Department of Labor as a Cabinet-level department, replacing the previous Department of Commerce and Labor. The boxes below showcase some of the books and eBooks we have on literary criticism related to Progressive Era literature. in, Arthur J. Altmeyer, "The Wisconsin Idea and Social Security.