Marion Maddox, Kais Al-momani, Niki N. N. Dados, Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe, Leda Sutlovic, Toma Deelan, Danica Fink-Hafner, Jasminka Pesut, Centre for Peace and Social Justice Papers, The Institutional and Demographic Determinants of Latino Representation in State Legislatures, Legislative Oversight and the Substantive Representation of Black and Latino Interests in Congress, Women's Legislative Representation and Gender Equality: What Works in the Absence of a'Critical Mass', Quota Laws, Representation of Women and the Role of Civil Society Organizations, The Social and Political Forces Shaping Legislator-Constituent Relations: Expanding an Empirical Theory of Representation, Political Participation of Muslims in Australia, Citizen Panels and the Concept of Representation. Conservatives and right-wing liberals have traditionally opposed it, while left-wing political parties and social movements often regard quotas for marginalized groups as decisive progressive measures in struggles for democracy and justice. Cambridge: Polity Press. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Signs, 19(3), 630657. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society, 21(2). 26 ubat 2021 Kategorilendirilmemi 0 Kategorilendirilmemi 0 Companies use descriptive research analysis, but it has both advantages and disadvantages. The advantage is that it ensures that government sis efficient as the democratic process has included checks and balances (Regoli). In her successful 1970 congressional campaign, Bella Abzug (b) declared, This womans place is in the House the House of Representatives!. Liza Hollis has been writing for print and online publications since 2003. Part of Springer Nature. (pp. An innovative research tool, descriptive research is used by researchers as an opportunity to fuse both quantitative and qualitative data to reconstruct the "what is" of a topic. systems than the old and traditional ones (Tawil, 2002). Economics and Philosophy, 11, 2556. The rapid increase in the minority population has led to some backlash and challenges for law, Descriptive Representation In The United States, Descriptive representation has been on the rise for some time. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Proportional representation is a complicated form of election. In the end, there is however a set of remaining pro arguments suggesting that descriptive representation produces some exclusive benefits. Quota problems: Combating the dangers of essentialism. During this time more than ever, African Americans are able to speak on subjects that can affect us in the future. suggest descriptive representation leads to substantive representation in Congress. In academic and professional environments, researchers often take on research projects before making definitive statements or taking action involving the subject matter. There are a few different ways to look at this by taking a look at different minority groups and examining their struggles. Wngnerud, L. (2009). 2. The documentary forces us to, The United States is the most racially diverse nation in the world. Arena Centre for European Studies, University of Oslo, Sognsveien 68, 0855, Oslo, Norway, You can also search for this author in In K. Ross (Ed. Measures like percentiles and quartiles become very useful in this area of expertise. Clem Morfuni Companies House, 914, Excellenica, Lodha Supremus-2, In S. Besson & J. S. Mart (Eds. Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive representation Descriptive representation is where people are allowed to vote for leaders who they feel mirror their beliefs. When on the society site, please use the credentials provided by that society. Studies of the representation of minority interests in the era following the enactment Fortunes of feminism. Confidentiality is the primary weakness of descriptive research. Additionally, how much does the ethnic composition of a district affect the chances that a Latino candidate will be elected in a given district? ), States of democracy: Gender and politics in Europe. While qualitative research may be hard to argue against because it involves numbers and tests, questions of the researchers motive and method often arise. In Y. Galligan (Ed. Ironic to think that is how one is taught to act but stereotypes are now bigger than ever right? In each case, we find that in a given Congress, legislators are around 6-9 percentage points more likely to contact federal agencies on behalf of constituents with whom they share background char-acteristics, when compared to their nonveteran, male, or white . Although the federal government of the United States is said to strive to construct a homogeneous nation when it comes to equal rights and opportunities for its citizens in different states and cities, there have been numerous historical occurrences that demonstrate opposing aims. Tests: The Material and Tangible Effects of Descriptive Representation. Register or login to receive notifications when there's a reply to your comment or update on this information. It could be argued that PR delivers fairer treatment of minority parties and independent candidates. The closer assessment of pros and cons will however vary with normative position and more specifically with which conceptions of democracy and equality one subscribes to. Democratic authority: A philosophical framework. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Prescriptive and descriptive theorists differ on their approach to instruction. Fleurbaey, M. (1995). The Pros and Cons of Writing Description. The Oxford Handbook of the American Congress, Behavioral Approaches to the Study of Congress, Formal Approaches to the Study of Congress, Touching the Bones: Interviewing and Direct Observational Studies of Congress, Historical Approaches to the Study of Congress: Toward a Congressional Vantage on American Political Development, Campaign Finance in Congressional Elections, Descriptive Representation: Understanding the Impact of Identity on Substantive Representation of Group Interests, Theories of representation and the link between descriptive and substantive representation, Descriptive representation and the constituentrepresentative link, Descriptive representation and substantive representation of group interests, Voting behavior and representation of minority interests, Beyond voting behavior: Exploring the link between descriptive and substantive representation throughout the legislative process, Descriptive representatives and vigorous advocacy for group interests, The importance of institutional and partisan dynamics, Critical mass and institutional influence on descriptive representation, Critical mass and institutional power in congress, Leadership differences in substance and style, Congressional Institutions and Procedures, Managing Plenary Time: The U.S. Congress in Comparative Context, The Ties That Bind: Coalitions in Congress, The Development of Congressional Elections, The Development of the Congressional Committee System, Sectionalism and Congressional Development, Congress and the Executive Branch: Delegation and Presidential Dominance, The Amorphous Relationship between Congress and the Courts, Reflections on the Study of Congress 19692009, ' Descriptive Representation: Understanding the Impact of Identity on Substantive Representation of Group Interests', in George C. Edwards, Frances E. Lee, and Eric Schickler (eds), Archaeological Methodology and Techniques, Browse content in Language Teaching and Learning, Literary Studies (African American Literature), Literary Studies (Fiction, Novelists, and Prose Writers), Literary Studies (Postcolonial Literature), Musical Structures, Styles, and Techniques, Popular Beliefs and Controversial Knowledge, Browse content in Company and Commercial Law, Browse content in Constitutional and Administrative Law, Private International Law and Conflict of Laws, Browse content in Legal System and Practice, Browse content in Allied Health Professions, Browse content in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Clinical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Browse content in Public Health and Epidemiology, Browse content in Science and Mathematics, Study and Communication Skills in Life Sciences, Study and Communication Skills in Chemistry, Browse content in Earth Sciences and Geography, Browse content in Engineering and Technology, Civil Engineering, Surveying, and Building, Environmental Science, Engineering, and Technology, Conservation of the Environment (Environmental Science), Environmentalist and Conservationist Organizations (Environmental Science), Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Environmental Science), Management of Land and Natural Resources (Environmental Science), Natural Disasters (Environmental Science), Pollution and Threats to the Environment (Environmental Science), Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Environmental Science), Neuroendocrinology and Autonomic Nervous System, Psychology of Human-Technology Interaction, Psychology Professional Development and Training, Browse content in Business and Management, Information and Communication Technologies, Browse content in Criminology and Criminal Justice, International and Comparative Criminology, Agricultural, Environmental, and Natural Resource Economics, Teaching of Specific Groups and Special Educational Needs, Conservation of the Environment (Social Science), Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Social Science), Pollution and Threats to the Environment (Social Science), Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Social Science), Browse content in Interdisciplinary Studies, Museums, Libraries, and Information Sciences, Browse content in Regional and Area Studies, Browse content in Research and Information, Developmental and Physical Disabilities Social Work, Human Behaviour and the Social Environment, International and Global Issues in Social Work, Social Work Research and Evidence-based Practice, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199559947.001.0001, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199559947.003.0011. When determining whether or not legislators are representing their constituents interests, scholars using voting studies may overstate the role of strategic factors, such as reelection goals and constituent influence, while understating the effect of descriptive characteristics. Descriptive research designs also offer a unique means of data collection. Our books are available by subscription or purchase to libraries and institutions. You might also like. History shows how minorities within America have been marginalized. View all access and purchase options for this article. Aldershot: Ashgate. The notions of women-centred/intersectional state feminism, state feminism with/without a welfare state and with/without democratization should be thought of in terms of Weberian ideal types. Mart, J. L. (2006). Berkeley: University of California Press. Hence, the debate about descriptive representation is clearly in need of a more contextualized assessment of its pros and cons. Morone, J. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Highlight the major advantages and disadvantages of the product, process, strategy, idea, etc. Equal opportunity and equal social outcome. This law-making body is generally controlled by the laws and governed by the state constitution. African Americans made up the largest percentage, with forty-eight members, while Latinos accounted for thirty-two members, up from nineteen just over a decade before. A Contingent Yes. The findings of Mansbridges article, in sum, suggest that the benefits of descriptive representation should exceed the costs, it is not always needed, and it should be applied in an environment easy to change, fluid and dynamic in nature. Comparing two schools within two separate districts instead of simply two schools in the city will add an additional layer of depth to this analysis, in that differences in the districts particular policies can be examined as to whether or not they contribute to the findings. Sound bar - Pros and Cons. Gender representation and quotas. Disadvantages include the technical precision, time and funding resources necessary to create tables and graphs. There are many different types of data presentation. The pros and cons of descriptive research analysis. Explaining Preferences about Descriptive Representation, When politics is not just a man's game: Women's representation and political engagement, Womens Political Representation: A Review, Partisanship, Structure and Representation: The Puzzle of African American Education Politics, Falling Behind, Keeping Up, or Getting Ahead: Ethnic Candidates and the Competition for non-Western Origin Voters in the West, Levelling the playing field: Monitoring Croatian policies to promote gender equality in politics, Can Deliberative Minipublics Address the Cognitive Challenges of Democratic Citizenship, Parity/Disparity: Electoral Gender Inequality on the Tightrope of Liberal Constitutional Traditions, INTERSECTIONAL PRESENTATIONS: An Exploratory Study of Minority Congresswomen's Websites' Biographies, Ethnocultural Voting? An innovative research tool, descriptive research is used by researchers as an opportunity to fuse both quantitative and qualitative data to reconstruct the what is of a topic. There are, however, practical limitations to including different groups and subgroups in There are many benefits of including minorities of power in decision-making so-called descriptive representation. 1. Nothing bores me faster than description.. These descriptive representations reflect the usage characteristics of the end product, what the owner (s) are going to do with the end product, or how they will use it once they get it in their possession. View the institutional accounts that are providing access. therefore, it is used by various industries Weldon, L. S. (2002). Towards a European union gender equality index. Because it is so varied in method and usage, researchers favor its use in many different fields including marketing, medical health, science and psychology. For example, Patsy Mink (D-HI), the first Asian American woman elected to Congress, was the coauthor of the Education Amendments Act of 1972, Title IX of which prohibits sex discrimination in education. Easy to set up, doesn't require extra space. Represent Women?A Contingent "Yes" Jane Mansbridge Harvard University Disadvantaged groups gain advantages from descriptive representation in at least four contexts. The three that we visit on every trip to Atlanta are Six Flags, Stone Mountain, and the Atlanta Aquarium. Why democracy? This is the case for women who remain numerically under-represented in legislatures around the world, but also ethnic minority groups, and other minorities. Representative democracy is a form of government in which the people elect officials to create laws and policy on their behalf. This is a lesson from the tutorial, American Congress and you are encouraged to log PROS Better understanding Easy sharing of information Accurate analysis Sales analysis Finding relations between events Modification of data Exploring opportunities and trends Geographical visualization CONS It gives estimation not accuracy Biased Lack of assistance Improper design issue Wrong focused people can skip core messages Creating a list that details both sides of the argument makes it easier to visualize the potential impact of your decision. Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. By making the decision-making process more . Representation is crucial for democracy: good representation helps to increase re-sponsiveness, foster electoral turnout, increase political interest and include minori-ties. Democracy With Adequate Representation. This conclusion is complicated by the fact that some regard equal group level outcomes not as a good in and by itself but as the best available proxy for equal opportunities given available data and conventional statistical techniques (Phillips 2004). In 1971, to better represent their interests, these representatives founded the Congressional Black Caucus (CBC), an organization that grew out of a Democratic select committee formed in 1969. The collection of data is quick and easy to conduct, especially when doing surveys. Namely, the institutional design of the state legislature matters in terms of electoral responsiveness, with Florida and New Mexico the most responsive, and New York and the U.S. House the least responsive to the election of Latino legislators. Experimental research offers the highest levels of control. Pros and Cons of Descriptive Research. Descriptive research does not rely on only one type of data; it relies on both quantitative and qualitative research. The tyranny of the majority: Fundamental fairness in representative democracy. Some of the most important are listed below. Toggle navigation. Another benefit of descriptive research is that it enables you to determine the behavior of people in a natural setting. Peter, F. (2011). Purpose. Descriptive representation is a way of thinking about representation in which it is thought to be important that representatives have the same racial, gender, ethnic, religious, or educational backgrounds as their constituents. In Australia, 'ethnic' generally has been used to refer to immigrants (and their offspring) from non-British origins.3 Regarding the definition of 'migrant', I will apply the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural, Under what conditions are Latinos elected to the Congress and state legislatures? Perhaps youve even made it yourself. People of color are also serving as mayors across the country, including in major cities like D.C., Chicago, Baltimore, and Atlanta. A major reason is that until well into the twentieth century, white men of European background constituted an overwhelming majority of the voting population. The collection of data is quick and easy to conduct, especially when doing surveys. Ultimately, whether or not bone conduction headphones are . 1. Should Congress Look Like America? This process allows you to understand that specific set of observations. In the face of the modern impatience with pages (or even paragraphs) of descriptive narrative, its easy for writers to overreact and decide to avoid description altogether. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. The Case of Rwanda, Worlds Apart? PR may encourage turn-out and reduce apathy. https://cnx.org/contents/W8wOWXNF@12.1:Y1CfqFju@5/Preface, CC BY. Barry, B. 4. tees, and voters weigh the pros and cons of descriptive representation, this analysis argues for attention to the specific historical contexts that make descrip-tive representation most useful. Surprising as it may seem, some teachers don't think grades are a useful tool. Market Research World: What are The Pros and Cons of Data Collection Methods? The institutional basis of democratic accountability. Other hybrid approaches have been suggested for visual-spatial and model-based reasoning. Descriptive statistics are functions of the sample data that are intrinsically interesting in describing some feature of the data. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. Princeton: Princeton University Press. The imaginary domain: Abortion, pornography and sexual harassment. New York: Oxford University Press. Is the ideal of deliberative democracy coherent? Thirdly, descriptive research is less expensive and time consuming. Citing Literature. The concept of representation. Reliance on analytical thinki ng. Walby, S. (2011). Descriptive research is a process of systematically describing and analyzing something's features, properties or characteristics. Saskatchewan Schools; Research Methods in Psychology; Dr. Mark Burgess and Dr. Stephen Kemp. If your institution is not listed or you cannot sign in to your institutions website, please contact your librarian or administrator. The Politics of Local Presence: Is there a Case for Descriptive Representation? Various reasons clarify why this is. For example, if you are a representative for an ad agency, you may conduct research to find out consumer opinion on a certain product. Tables can be useful if trying to. Beyond bodies: Institutional sources of representation for women in democratic policy-making. Aldershot: Ashgate. Methodological essentialism, false difference, and other dangerous traps. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Since feedback is a necessary component of first-class customer service and workforce optimization . The second pro argument says that descriptive representation contributes exactly on this point, as far as social and cultural research show not only that people with significant descriptive characteristics may have overlapping experiences and interests shaping political preferences, but also that they communicate better among themselvesthe communication It makes things easier for extreme parties to gain representation. While Minorities can be said to place themselves at a disadvantage because of their vulnerability and stubborn inability to, The fact that the social disorganization theory is pretty much you will that one one individual is influence of the people around him if he is in a neighbor hood known of robberies then the individual is more than likely going to be doing robberies. Gives others the ability to learn and develop new skills 3. Use descriptive statistics to summarize and graph the data for a group that you choose. (2001). The data from a descriptive research project can be collected from one person or a small group of people. Cornell, D. (1998). 1. For discussions of gender quotas in corporate boards, see, for example, Engelstad and Teigen (2012). Signs, 19(3), 713738. Instead, proper representation for some is rooted in the racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, gender, and sexual identity of the representatives themselves. Saarbrcken: VDM Verlag Dr. Mller. data sets are independent of each other most widely used method of data representation. This may help you better understand research findings, whether reported in the mainstream 625 Words 3 Pages Decent Essays In our current system, voters are given one vote to . Among them is Nancy Pelosi who became the Speaker of the House in the Eleventh Congress and James Clyburn, an African-American who served as Majority Whip. descriptive representation is the extent to which a representative or legislative body resembles a given constituent and her social or demographic identities. To save this article to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. University of Neuchtel. Rational deliberation among experts and citizens. Democratic political theory. Discrimination has not fallen short in any way and continues to build barriers for many people of color.