The government and the international community are working together to address many of these challenges. Agriculture is the country's most promising resource management. Skip to Article Content; Skip to Article Information; Search within. Agro-processed products, such as chicken, cheese, butter, eggs, biscuits, bread, juice, etc. Contribution of Agriculture in The Ethiopian Economy: a Time-varying Ethiopian farmers plough their land by combining the above tools for such three months to get yearly consumed food. Ethiopia has previously imported cotton from various international suppliers. However, beginning in 1987 the decline in world coffee prices, reduced Ethiopia's foreign-exchange earnings. Search term. . [7] Multinational agribusinesses supply these industrial poultry farms with high yielding breeds, such as Rhode Island Reds and White Leghorns. >. Causes and Characteristics of Drought in Ethiopia. In Ethiopia, agricultural export development is done in livestock, grains, vegetables, fruits, and fruits. The principal grains in Ethiopia are Teff, Wheat, Barley, Corn, Sorghum, and Millet. According to Ethiopia farming, this ploughing the land to prepare the soil for sow requires around two quarter of a year. Corn is grown chiefly between elevations of 1,500 and 2,200 meters and requires large amounts of rainfall to ensure good harvests. The expected growth from these agriculture-related industries offers numerous opportunities for agricultural input sales, such as tractors and harvesters, farm trucks, fertilizer, irrigation equipment, grain handling systems, food and livestock processing equipment, as well as cold storage facilities. Before the revolution, large-scale commercial cotton plantations were developed in the Awash Valley and the Humera areas. Almost all farming tools in Ethiopia are traditional and made from different types of wood. By 1974 the Ministry of Agriculture's Extension and Project Implementation Department had more than twenty-eight areas with more than 200 extension and marketing centers. Ethiopia's major staple crops include a variety of cereals, pulses, oilseeds, and coffee. In addition to cattle, small ruminants (goats and sheep) and beasts of burden (donkey, horse, mule) are not uncommon in this farming system. Land Degradation in Ethiopia: Causes, Impacts and - IISTE Please see below for the market overview and trade data. Agriculture is the mainstay of Ethiopian economy involving major source of employment and gross national product. J. These soils are found in both the northern and the southern highlands in areas with poor drainage. "National Statistical Abstract. Since the revolution, most commercial cotton has been grown on irrigated state farms, mostly in the Awash Valley area. During Derg rule, veterinary stations were opened at Bahir Dar, Bedele, and Bishoftu to provide treatment and vaccination services. Of an estimated 750,000 hectares of private commercial farms in operation at the time of the 1975 land proclamation, 67,000 hectares were converted into State Farms that, beginning in 1979, were operated by a new Ministry of State Farms. Increased production as well as imports are required to close this gap. Griddles, Ovens, and Agricultural Origins: An Ethnoarchaeological Study Consequently, individual holdings were frequently far smaller than the permitted maximum allotment of ten hectares. [7], The objectives of villagization included grouping scattered farming communities throughout the country into small village clusters, promoting rational land use, conserving resources, providing access to clean water and to health and education services, and strengthen security. Role Agriculture in Ethiopian economy. To meet its agro-processing objectives, the GOE is building Integrated Agro-Industrial Parks (IAIP) in four pilot areas: Amhara, Oromia, SNNP, and Tigray regional states. Growing demand for water supply and drainage systems, pumps, and drilling equipment is expected. In 1971 the Ministry of Agriculture introduced the Minimum Package Program (MPP) to bring about economic and social changes. Physiographic characteristics of agricultural lands and farmers' soil A potential exists for self-sufficiency in grains and for export development in livestock, grains, vegetables, and fruits. In fact, the soybean crushing and soybean oil refining industry is quickly emerging. Source: Source: USDA/Foreign Agriculture Service, Addis Ababa, Total Market Size = (Total Local Production + Total Imports) (Total Exports). To evaluate the genetic diversity of Ethiopian potato cultivars, and to assess their relationship with germplasm from North America, Europe and the International Potato Center (CIP), 8303 SNP markers were used to characterize 44 local Ethiopian cultivars, as well as . Agriculture >. [7], Ethiopia's demand for grain continued to increase because of population pressures, while supply remained short, largely because of drought and government agricultural policies, such as price controls, which adversely affected crop production. [Pdf] Contribution of Agriculture in The Ethiopian Economy: a Time Depending on international market conditions and local demand factors, there may be opportunities in the future for U.S. wheat and soybean sales to Ethiopia. The Ethiopian Government set up the Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) to reach certain goals between 2011 and 2015. The increased production coming from existing and anticipated investments in the local agro-processing sector, as well as imports, are expected to help satisfy this growing demand. After the 1975 land reform, peasants began withholding grain from the market to drive up prices because government price-control measures had created shortages of consumer items. Young herders take their text books of the upcoming school year to the grazing grounds. According to the World Bank, agricultural production increased at an average annual rate of 0.6 percent between 1973 and 1980 but then decreased at an average annual rate of 2.1 percent between 1980 and 1987. Private . The reforms success in supporting Ethiopias economic growth in part depends on the development of the agro-processing sector (e.g. Agricultural Research and Development in Ethiopia Brighter Green, 6. Agriculture accounts for 36% percent of the nation's Gross domestic Product (GDP) as of 2020. The manufacturing sector plays a marginal role in employment generation, exports, output, and inter-sectoral linkages. Ethiopia one of the fastest-growing economies in the continent. [7], Livestock production plays an important role in Ethiopia's economy. Ethiopia - End-line Survey for the Impact Evaluation of the UN Joint The report includes the market size, recent trends, industry statistics, and analysis. It is roughly 7 and a half years behind the Gregorian calendar. Private companies are allowed to import food commodities including wheat, rice, sugar, powder milk, and cooking oils. [16] In 20062007 (the latest year available), exports of oilseeds accounted for 15.78% of export earnings (or million 187.4 Birr) and pulses 5.92% (or 70.3 million Birr). juice processing, milling machines, extruders for soybean oil). There is considerable room for investment when considering that about 95 percent of Ethiopias crop production is rain fed. In Ethiopia, agriculture is started during the Neolithic revolution era, ten thousand years ago. Lake Tana Subbasin's Economy and The Role of Natural Resources -- 22. In addition, the GOE is looking to the agro-processing sector (also a best prospect sector detailed below) as one engine to spur future economic growth. Among the top priorities identified by the GOE include: small and large-scale irrigation development, financing agricultural inputs, increasing productivity of crops and livestock, improving agricultural production methods using mechanization, post-harvest loss reduction, developing a research-based food security system, and natural resource management. [7], Before the Ethiopian Revolution, pulses and oilseeds played an important role, second only to coffee, in the country's exports. In view of this, a study was conducted to characterize the landscape features and related biophysical settings and to identify the local soil . Ministry of Agriculture (Ethiopia) | Land Portal [9], The population in the lowland peripheries (below 1,500 meters) is nomadic, engaged mainly in livestock raising. In addition, it is hoped that the number of key crops are doubled from 18.1m metric to 39.5m metric tonnes. "Agriculture" (and subsections), updated with latest figures from the CSA. PDF Ethiopian Cattle Genetic Resource and Unique Characteristics - IJSR The industry began in 2004, when the government made an aggressive push for foreign investments by establishing a presence at major international floricultural events. However, production is constrained in part by outdated ginneries and limited availability of quality inputs, including seed, fertilizer, and pest control agents. During the rainy seasons, water and grass are generally plentiful, but with the onset of the dry season, forage is generally insufficient to keep animals nourished and able to resist disease. Local demand for meat, milk and eggs is growing as the economy and population grow. Ethiopia: Urban Agriculture and Poverty Alleviation - allAfrica.com Factors affecting crop prodution in Ethiopia - Academia.edu Wubne, Mulatu. [12], In addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products.[13]. There may also be future opportunities for equipment and systems to process these commodities. In addition to its domestic use, sesame is also the principal export oilseed. Consequently, the country faced a famine that resulted in the death of nearly 1 million people from 1984 to 1986. Agriculture, which constituted 46 percent of GDP and more than 80 percent of exports, is by far the most important economic activity in the Ethiopian economy. Accordingly, state farms received a large share of the country's resources for agriculture; from 1982 to 1990, this totaled about 43% of the government's agricultural investment. Agro-processing, such as beverages, biscuits, bread, milk, meat, chicken, cooking oil, fruit and vegetables, etc. In addition, the rugged topography of the highlands, the brief but extremely heavy rainfalls that characterize many areas, and centuries-old farming practices that do not include conservation measures have accelerated soil erosion in much of Ethiopia's highland areas. Ethiopia's crop agriculture is complex, involving substantial variation in crops grown across the country's different regions and ecologies. USA.gov|FOIA|Privacy Program|EEO Policy|Disclaimer|Information Quality Guidelines |Accessibility, Official Website of the International Trade Administration, Comply with U.S. and Foreign Export Regulations. The anticipated growth in these subsectors could open niche opportunities for sales of U.S. grain and oilseed commodities in the future, as well as processing and storage equipment, such as feed mills and soybean extruders. The beneficial climate in the Highlands of Ethiopia also enabled irrigation and other advanced agricultural technology. Ethiopia has an extremely diverse topography, climate, culture, population distribution and market access. The GOE imposes an export ban on cereal grain and local prices are often higher than what they are on the international market. Researchers found however that, since transhumance takes place in summer, during school holidays, the transhumance in itself does not affect schooling. Domestically, coffee contributed about 20% of the government's revenue. Matou, P., Y. Todo, et al. In addition, the GOE continues to invest heavily in the expansion of the sugar industry, which is slated to be privatized in the near future with the aim of become one of the top ten sugar producers in the world over the next decade. Opportunities also exist for agricultural inputs and systems used to grow and process cotton into textile and apparel. As reviewed from different literatures household demographic characteristics, household resource endowments, social, cultural, infrastructural, institutional and economic factors influence the . Agricultural inputs, seeds, machinery and equipment used in cotton production. But the same quantity of teff retailed at 81 birr at food stores belonging to the urban dwellers' associations (kebeles) in Addis Ababa and sold for as much as 181 birr in the open market. Farming In Ethiopia, Agriculture Crops, Livestock The agricultural sector is subject to periodic drought, and poor infrastructure constrains the production and marketing of Ethiopia's products. [7], Government attempts to implement land reform also created problems related to land fragmentation, insecurity of tenure, and shortages of farm inputs and tools. Vertisols are very important soils in Ethiopian agriculture. To achieve this, the GOE seeks to leverage on developing huge unutilized arable land, modernizing production systems, and improving uptake of technology. Specific Characteristics of Agriculture and the Need to Treat - IATP This government-led outreach, combined with low labor and electricity costs, has already yielded fruits with a number of Turkish, Indian, Chinese, Indonesian and other foreign firms opening businesses in Ethiopia in recent years. (2013). According to the World Bank, agricultural production increased at an average annual rate of 2.1 percent between 1965 and 1973, while population increased at an average annual rate of 2.6 percent during the same period. The GOE has approved two different varieties of Bt cottonseeds for commercial cultivation. [7], Ethiopia's coffee is almost exclusively of the arabica type, which grows best at altitudes between 1,000 and 2,000 meters. Pulses, grown widely at all altitudes from sea level to about 3,000 meters, are more prevalent in the northern and central highlands. Prior to the Revolution, urbanization increased the demand for fruit, leading to the establishment of citrus orchards in areas with access to irrigation in Shewa, Arsi, Hararghe, and Eritrea. processed food, beverages, and livestock products meat, milk, and eggs), as well as the textile/apparel and leather industries. Agron., 16: 180-195. . To implement this strategy, the government relied on peasant associations and rural development, cooperatives and state farms, resettlement and villagization, increased food production, and a new marketing policy. [7], Ensete, known locally as false banana, is an important food source in Ethiopia's southern and southwestern highlands. Grain imports are almost exclusively limited to wheat, nearly all of which the GOEs state-trading arm (i.e., Ethiopian Trading Business Corporation) purchases off the international market and later distributes in the local market at a subsidized price. Second, because peasants faced food shortages, they gave priority to cereal staples to sustain themselves. Note: Top 3 trade partners are calculated by imports + exports. The second type consists of brownish-to-gray and black soils with a high clay content. Livestock and Livestock Characteristics (Private Peasant Holdings) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) With the support of the IMF, the Ethiopian government has developed an ambitious Homegrown Economic Reform Planto propel the countrys economic progress. Overall, the economic reform plan sets out required strategic interventions to increase agricultural productivity and modernization of agriculture in the next 10 years. Beef exports are also growing, with additional market opportunities on the horizon. In the late nineteenth century, about 30% of Ethiopia was covered with forest. As a result, up to 200,000 Ethiopians perished. The soils of the Great Rift Valley often are conducive to agriculture if water is available for irrigation. What are the main characteristic of Ethiopian agriculture activities Food as a most essential good 3 2.5. Meat and poultry processing, and supporting equipment and systems. Because of low rainfall, these soils have limited agricultural potential, except in some areas where rainfall is sufficient for the growth of natural forage at certain times of the year. Mia MacDonald and Justine Simon (2010) Climate, Food Security, & Growth: Ethiopia's Complex Relationship with Livestock. [7], Inaccessibility, water shortages, and infestations of disease-causing insects, mainly mosquitoes, prevented the use of large parcels of potentially productive land. A Review of Ethiopian Agriculture Roles Policy and Small Scale Farming Background and Objective: Detailed characterization of bio-physical resources in agricultural landscapes and documenting locally used soil fertility management practices is required for developing site-specific management scenarios in the study area. The AMC was a government agency whose objective was to influence the supply and price of crops. Volume II, Report on Livestock and Livestock Characteristics. Moreover, the emperor's inability to implement meaningful land reform perpetuated a system in which aristocrats and the church owned most of the farmland and in which most farmers were tenants who had to provide as much as 50% of their crops as rent. Agriculture dominates the Ethiopian economy, accounting for about 50 percent of its GDP and 82 percent of its employment. Culture of Ethiopia - history, people, traditions, women, beliefs, food This article examines the characteristics of and choice among two production technologies in Ethiopian agriculture, one with fertilizer and the other without, using 1989-90 farm-level data. [15], About 98 percent of the coffee was produced by peasants on smallholdings of less than a hectare, and the remaining 2 percent was produced by state farms. The major binding constraints of the sector are insufficient yields due to inefficient provision of inputs and services, unclear land lease rights, limited investment in R&D and irrigation, marketing and logistics related problems, and lack of agriculture-specific financial services. Land Utilization (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) [7], Soil erosion has been one of the country's major problems. Excluding the Afar and Somali Regions, there were approximately 47.5 million cattle, 26.1 million sheep, 21.7 million goats, 2.1 million horses and mules, 5.6 million donkeys, 1 million camels, and 39.6 million poultry. Coffee grows wild in many parts of the country, although most Ethiopian coffee is produced in the Oromia Region (63.7%) and in the SNNPR (34.4%), with lesser amounts in the Gambela Region and around the city of Dire Dawa. Washington, DC 20230. Another study, of Dejen awraja (subregion) in Gojjam, found that land fragmentation had been exacerbated since the revolution. Ethiopia - Socioeconomic Survey 2013-2014 - World Bank Ethiopian Highlands - Africa RISING Commercial Imports from the United States, Source: USDA/Foreign Agriculture Service, Addis Ababa, (Total market size = (total local production + imports) - exports). Ethiopia's major industries include agriculture, construction, manufacturing, resources and . Recurring drought takes a heavy toll on the animal population, although it is difficult to determine the extent of losses. Therefore, investment in commercial farming requires considerable due diligence. [7], In 1984 the founding congress of the Workers' Party of Ethiopia (WPE) emphasized the need for a coordinated strategy based on socialist principles to accelerate agricultural development. [7], The consumption of vegetables and fruits is relatively limited, largely because of their high cost. Since the 2000s, Ethiopia has emerged as one of the fastest-growing economies in Africa. Livestock and Livestock Characteristics (Private Peasant Holdings) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) These types of soils are found in much of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region (SNNPR). In Ethiopia's lowlands, for example, the presence of malaria kept farmers from settling in many areas. [7], Most agricultural producers are subsistence farmers with small holdings, often broken into several plots. Flaxseed, also indigenous, is cultivated in the same general area as Niger seed. Ethiopia's agricultural sector has developed favourably over the past decade, but rapid population growth, limited access to fertile land, and volatile agricultural outcomes pose problems for the . Except in Tigray region, the pilot agro-industrial parks have launched operations. An ethnoarchaeological study of highland Ethiopian griddle technology is compared to bread-baking technologies in Africa and the Near East. Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) Agriculture in Ethiopia | Infomineo Section D. State farms sold their output to the AMC. Top 3 Trade Partners (2021): China, India, and United States. Farmers' group formation accompanies the reform process. Production Efficiency and Agricultural Technologies in the Ethiopian Agriculture Introduction Inability to produce adequate food is the major problem of most less developed countries (LDCS). This article is the second in a series that seek to examine the role of agriculture as a developmental opportunity for Africa. Estimates for 1987 indicated that livestock production contributed one-third of agriculture's share of GDP, or nearly 15 percent of total GDP. Agriculture in the Lake Tana Sub-Basin of Ethiopia -- 24.