The Uruk period is a continuation and an outgrowth of Ubaid with pottery being the main visible change. Wall plaque showing libations to a seated god and a temple. The city was provided with towers and stood on an artificial platform; the house also had a tower-like appearance. Puzur-Sin Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi It was their literary compositions that were used by twentieth century scholars to maintain a compelling picture of the Sumerians as a distinct people. Sumerian mythology claims that, in the beginning, human-like gods ruled over Earth. The only reference to Sumer in the Bible is to `the Land of Shinar (Genesis 10:10 and elsewhere), which people interpreted to most likely mean the land surrounding Babylon, until the Assyriologist Jules Oppert (1825-1905 CE) identified the biblical reference with the region of southern Mesopotamia known as Sumer and. During the great drought, two waves of marauding nomads descended upon the region, sacking the capital city of Ur. What was the race of Sumerians? ProfoundAdvice They grew barley, chickpeas, lentils, wheat, dates, onions, garlic, lettuce, leeks and mustard. 77 The mortals were indeed the Sumerians, a non-Semitic racial type that conquered southern Babylonia, and the deities To the south of the region of They brewed multiple kinds of beer consisting of wheat, barley, and mixed grain beers. Explanations based on hypothetical migrations have fallen out of favour as evidence for significant cultural continuity in prehistory has been identified, including the development of recording technologies that led to practices of book-keeping and the origins of writing. At a basic level, the Sumerians can be defined by their language, which is recognisable in cuneiform texts dating from around 2800 BCE to the early centuries CE. The gods were said to have created human beings from clay for the purpose of serving them. 2016 have suggested a partial North African origin for some pre-Semitic cultures of the Middle East, particularly Natufians, after testing the genomes of Natufian and Pre-Pottery Neolithic culture-bearers. (Both Enmerkar and Gilgamesh are credited with having built the walls of Uruk.)[47]. Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford. [93] Various inscriptions also mention the presence of Meluhha traders and interpreters in Mesopotamia. After Mesopotamia was occupied by the Amorites and Babylonians in the early second millennium B.C., the Sumerians gradually lost their cultural identity and ceased to exist as a political force. Uruk) era suggest that "Stone was scarce, but was already cut into blocks and seals. They have been discovered by Leonard Woolley when the Royal Cemetery of Ur has been excavated between from 1922 and 1934. 1132. It is not known whether or not these were the actual Sumerians who are identified with the later Uruk culture. What race were Sumerians? - Staveleyfa.com They were often referred to as Cafsa or Capsians; a group of people not devoid of negroid characteristics according to J Desanges. ", clinker-built sailboats stitched together with hair, featuring, skin boats constructed from animal skins and reeds, wooden-oared ships, sometimes pulled upstream by people and animals walking along the nearby banks. Cereals were plentiful and were the key ingredient in their early brew. Their descendants are the African Diaspora of North and South America The black headed people that built the first It was in these cities that the earliest known form of writing, cuneiform script, appeared around 3000 BCE. The decipherment of cuneiform in the mid nineteenth century revealed that a majority of the known inscriptions recorded a Semitic language that would come to be termed Akkadian. Next they made oxen stomp the ground and kill weeds. They then winnowed the grain/chaff mixture. [citation needed], Sumerian potters decorated pots with cedar oil paints. Others have suggested that the Sumerians descended from the mountains of the northeast. Sumerians believed that the universe consisted of a flat disk enclosed by a dome. [2][3], The Akkadian word umer may represent the geographical name in dialect, but the phonological development leading to the Akkadian term umer is uncertain. 77 The mortals were indeed the Sumerians, a non-Semitic racial type that conquered southern Babylonia, and the deities were Semitic, Some of the vases had pointed feet, and stood on stands with crossed legs; others were flat-bottomed, and were set on square or rectangular frames of wood. 11., 1939), Jacobsen, Thorkild (1976), "The Harps that Once; Sumerian Poetry in Translation" and "Treasures of Darkness: a history of Mesopotamian Religion", George, Andrew (Translator) (2003), "The Epic of Gilgamesh" (Penguin Classics). Lapis lazuli probably originated in northern Afghanistan, as no other sources are known, and had to be transported across the Iranian plateau to Mesopotamia, and then Egypt. [25][26][27], A prehistoric people who lived in the region before the Sumerians have been termed the "Proto-Euphrateans" or "Ubaidians",[28] and are theorized to have evolved from the Samarra culture of northern Mesopotamia. [44], The end of the Uruk period coincided with the Piora oscillation, a dry period from c. 32002900 BC that marked the end of a long wetter, warmer climate period from about 9,000 to 5,000 years ago, called the Holocene climatic optimum.[45]. Our accumulated body of knowledge, most notably, suggests that these writings are scientifically grounded and authentic and their content is clear. For example, Imports to Ur came from many parts of the world. Juris Zarins believes the Sumerians lived along the coast of Eastern Arabia, today's Persian Gulf region, before it was flooded at the end of the Ice Age. [109][unreliable source] They were also aware of the five planets that are easily visible to the naked eye.[110]. The interest rate was set at 1/60 a month (one shekel per mina) some time before 2000 BC and it remained at that level for about two thousand years. At an early stage, following the dawn of recorded history, Nippur, in central Mesopotamia, replaced Eridu in the south as the primary temple city, whose priests exercised political hegemony on the other city-states. The Sumerians spoke a language isolate, but a number of linguists have claimed to be able to detect a substrate language of unknown classification beneath Sumerian because names of some of Sumer's major cities are not Sumerian, revealing influences of earlier inhabitants. The Sumerians used slaves, although they were not a major part of the economy. [16], Others have suggested that the Sumerians were a North African people who migrated from the Green Sahara into the Middle East and were responsible for the spread of farming in the Middle East. [14] The Akkadians also called the Sumerians 'black-headed people', or almat-qaqqadi, in the Semitic Akkadian language. There are texts written entirely in Old Akkadian dating from c. 2500 BC. For another list of Mesopotamian finds of Indus seals: Roux, Georges (1992), "Ancient Iraq" (Penguin). Ki The Ubaid period pottery of southern Mesopotamia has been connected via Choga Mami transitional ware to the pottery of the Samarra period culture (c. 57004900 BC C-14) in the north, who were the first to practice a primitive form of irrigation agriculture along the middle Tigris River and its tributaries. Examples of Sumerian technology include: the wheel, cuneiform script, arithmetic and geometry, irrigation systems, Sumerian boats, lunisolar calendar, bronze, leather, saws, chisels, hammers, braces, bits, nails, pins, rings, hoes, axes, knives, lancepoints, arrowheads, swords, glue, daggers, waterskins, bags, harnesses, armor, quivers, war chariots, scabbards, boots, sandals, harpoons and beer. Each of these cities was like an independent country. Sumerian religion seems to have been founded upon two separate cosmogenic myths. This is consistent with Andonite genetic heritage, which gave rise 500,000 years ago to the six Sangik races. Paul Collins is Jaleh Hearn Curator for Ancient Near East at the Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, and a Hugh Price Fellow at Jesus College. What race were the ancient Sumerians? AnswersAll They have been understood as a distinct people, speaking a common language, who occupied the alluvial plains of southern Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) between approximately 3500 and 2000 BCE. What race were Sumerians? - TimesMojo We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Monumental inscriptions and texts on different objects, like statues or bricks, are also very common. 77 The mortals were indeed the Sumerians, a non-Semitic racial typethat conquered southern Babylonia, and the deities were Semitic, taken over by the newly arrived Sumerians from the indigenous Semites. Proto-writing dates back before 3000 BC. By the late nineteenth century, culture and civilization were being thought of as biologically determined by race. Nonetheless, these were not exclusive; the gods of one city were often acknowledged elsewhere. Some slaves worked in the fields, but this was pretty uncommon since the wealthy were generally not involved in farming. Ecologically, the agricultural productivity of the Sumerian lands was being compromised as a result of rising salinity. The inscriptions of King Shulgi, who likely spoke Akkadian, describe him as being of Sumerian seed, but perhaps only in the sense that he originated from southern Mesopotamia and had mastered the dead language. They were already light-skinned. Rural loans commonly arose as a result of unpaid obligations due to an institution (such as a temple), in this case the arrears were considered to be lent to the debtor. In the early Sumerian Uruk period, the primitive pictograms suggest that sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs were domesticated. [24] According to some data, the Sumerians are associated with the Hurrians and Urartians, and the Caucasus is considered their homeland. [84] The farmers would use threshing wagons, driven by oxen, to separate the cereal heads from the stalks and then use threshing sleds to disengage the grain. [62]:9193 It is unclear whether terms such as iitu in Akkadian medical texts indicate the hymen, but it appears that the intactness of the hymen was much less relevant to assessing a woman's virginity than in later cultures of the Near East, and most assessments of virginity depended on the woman's own account. Teaching materials", "Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East", "mtDNA from the Early Bronze Age to the Roman Period Suggests a Genetic Link between the Indian Subcontinent and Mesopotamian Cradle of Civilization", "Sumerians had connections with the Caucasus", "Lexical Matches between Sumerian and Hurro-Urartian: Possible Historical Scenarios", "Has the Garden of Eden been located at last? (Adaside dynasty1700722 BCE)Bel-bani Libaya Sharma-Adad I Iptar-Sin Bazaya Lullaya Shu-Ninua Sharma-Adad II Erishum III Shamshi-Adad II Ishme-Dagan II Shamshi-Adad III Ashur-nirari I Puzur-Ashur III Enlil-nasir I Nur-ili Ashur-shaduni Ashur-rabi I Ashur-nadin-ahhe I Enlil-Nasir II Ashur-nirari II Ashur-bel-nisheshu Ashur-rim-nisheshu Ashur-nadin-ahhe II, Second Intermediate PeriodSixteenthDynasty How did the Sumerians know about human DNA over 5000 years ago? ", The Uruk World System: The Dynamics of Expansion of Early Mesopotamian Civilization, "Complexity, Diminishing Marginal Returns and Serial Mesopotamian Fragmentation", "Flutes of Gilgamesh and Ancient Mesopotamia", "Chapter 3: Sex in Ancient Civilizations", Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary, Bilingualism, Scribal Learning, and the Death of Sumerian, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10814-017-9106-2, "The Role of shell in Mesopotamia: evidence for trade exchange with Oman and the Indus Valley", "Indus stamp-seal discovered in Ur BM 123208", "Indus stamp-seal discovered in Ur BM 120228", "History of Constellation and Star Names", Ancient Sumer History The History of the Ancient Near East Electronic Compendium, ETCSL: The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature, CDLI: Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party Iraq Region, Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sumer&oldid=1142050435, States and territories established in the 4th millennium BC, States and territories established in the 3rd millennium BC, States and territories disestablished in the 20th century BC, Populated places established in the 6th millennium BC, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2012, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Wikipedia introduction cleanup from October 2022, Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from October 2022, All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2022, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Articles containing Sumerian-language text, Articles containing Akkadian-language text, Articles containing Ancient Egyptian-language text, Articles containing Hittite-language text, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2022, Articles lacking reliable references from March 2012, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Early Dynastic IIIb period: c. 25002334 BC, "Pottery was very plentiful, and the forms of the vases, bowls and dishes were manifold; there were special jars for honey, butter, oil and wine, which was probably made from dates. [104], Large institutions kept their accounts in barley and silver, often with a fixed rate between them. Although the idea of the Sumerians as a distinct people was initially challenged (in a very acrimonious scholarly debate informed by anti-Semitic prejudice), a historical framework was established in which they were thought to have arrived from outside Mesopotamia, introducing civilization to the region. [55] However, the archaeological record shows clear uninterrupted cultural continuity from the time of the early Ubaid period (53004700 BC C-14) settlements in southern Mesopotamia. Summary. As early as 1849 Hincks had also concluded that the language of the inventors of cuneiform was not in fact Akkadian and that the system of writing derived from a people who spoke a non-Semitic language. For other uses, see. Unfortunately, the high evaporation rate resulted in a gradual increase in the salinity of the fields. The first set of names on the list is of kings said to have reigned before a major flood occurred. Sumerian temples and palaces made use of more advanced materials and techniques, such as buttresses, recesses, half columns, and clay nails. They were made by a technique developed by the Harappan civilization", For a full list of discoveries of Indus seals in Mesopotamia, see. Servants, slaves, and soldiers wore short skirts, while royalty and deities wore long skirts. WebBy about 2000 BCE, the Sumerians were speaking Akkadian and the Sumerian and Akkadian civilizations were regarded as a single people; there is no evidence in any By unpacking this more recent history, it is possible to consider what we think we know about the Sumerians and how we know it. The rest of the resources and tools that Sumerian slaves used were rather typical of Later Stone Age and Early Bronze Age technology. When You Breathe In Your Diaphragm Does What. Those who could afford it sought burial at Dilmun. [40], The archaeological transition from the Ubaid period to the Uruk period is marked by a gradual shift from painted pottery domestically produced on a slow wheel to a great variety of unpainted pottery mass-produced by specialists on fast wheels. All these people carry Genetics will not solve the puzzle, but it may help in elucidating relationships. The origins of the Sumerians are murky, but many scholars have suggested that they may have arrived from the south (the oldest city, Eridu, is in the south). Others have suggested that the Sumerians descended from the mountains of the northeast. Cities became walled, and increased in size as undefended villages in southern Mesopotamia disappeared. The Sumerians adopted an agricultural lifestyle perhaps as early as c. 50004500 BC. [59]:34. The dead were buried outside the city walls in graveyards where a small mound covered the corpse, along with offerings to monsters and a small amount of food. There were fire-places and fire-altars. Sumerian structures were made of plano-convex mudbrick, not fixed with mortar or cement. Uruk, one of Sumer's largest cities, has been estimated to have had a population of 50,00080,000 at its height;[53] given the other cities in Sumer, and the large agricultural population, a rough estimate for Sumer's population might be 0.8 million to 1.5 million. [44] It is quite possible that the later Sumerian pantheon was modeled upon this political structure. During the Akkadian and Ur III phases, there was a shift from the cultivation of wheat to the more salt-tolerant barley, but this was insufficient, and during the period from 2100 BC to 1700 BC, it is estimated that the population in this area declined by nearly three-fifths. [77] Human sacrifice was found in the death pits at the Ur royal cemetery where Queen Puabi was accompanied in death by her servants. The first saw creation as the result of a series of hieroi gamoi or sacred marriages, involving the reconciliation of opposites, postulated as a coming together of male and female divine beings, the gods. The Ubaid period is marked by a distinctive style of fine quality painted pottery which spread throughout Mesopotamia and the Persian Gulf. "After the Battle is Over: The 'Stele of the Vultures' and the Beginning of Historical Narrative in the Art of the Ancient Near East". Ancient Mesopotamia Through 7 Key Artifacts. The texts mention that at some point the gods mutinied against their labour. The Mysterious Origins of the Worlds First City-Builders They may have invented military formations and introduced the basic divisions between infantry, cavalry, and archers. A prime example of cuneiform writing would be a lengthy poem that was discovered in the ruins of Uruk. Sumerian speakers were among the earliest people to record their beliefs in writing, and were a major inspiration in later Mesopotamian mythology, religion, and astrology. Since Sumerian writing emerged c. 3200 BC. Each was centered on a temple dedicated to the particular patron god or goddess of the city and ruled over by a priestly governor (ensi) or by a king (lugal) who was intimately tied to the city's religious rites. AbydosDynasty in, Jacobsen, Thorkild (Ed) (1939),"The Sumerian King List" (Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago; Assyriological Studies, No. Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional. [92] Carnelian beads from the Indus were found in the Sumerian tombs of Ur, the Royal Cemetery at Ur, dating to 26002450. This advanced metrology resulted in the creation of arithmetic, geometry, and algebra. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Affinities exist between Nubia ware and pottery from Ennedi and Tibesti. Use of Old Akkadian was at its peak during the rule of Sargon the Great (c. 23342279 BC), but even then most administrative tablets continued to be written in Sumerian, the language used by the scribes. The first true city-states arose in Sumer, roughly contemporaneously with similar entities in what are now Syria and Lebanon. The world population at this time has been estimated at 27 million.[54]. After a time the Sumerians began to place the temples on top of multi-layered square constructions built as a series of rising terraces, giving rise to the Ziggurat style.[79]. Sumerians were called Black headed, because they most likely had black heads. Standing Male Worshipper. 77 The mortals were indeed the Sumerians, a non-Semitic racial type that conquered southern Babylonia, and the deities ", "Tablets were used for writing purposes. WebIt demonstrates that Sumerian was genetically related to the Niger-Congo languages of West Africa. They had a similar government and culture as the The ancient Sumerian king list includes the early dynasties of several prominent cities from this period. He was the last ethnically Sumerian king before Sargon of Akkad.[35]. Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford. WebWhat race were the ancient Sumerians? The finding of resin in the tomb of Queen Puabi at Ur, indicates it was traded from as far away as Mozambique. [29][30][31][32] The Ubaidians, though never mentioned by the Sumerians themselves, are assumed by modern-day scholars to have been the first civilizing force in Sumer. What was the race of Sumerians? What race were Sumerians? ipodbatteryfaq.com [81] American anthropologist Robert McCormick Adams says that irrigation development was associated with urbanization,[82] and that 89% of the population lived in the cities. ", "Knives, drills, wedges and an instrument that looks like a saw were all known. [59]:78 One Sumerian proverb describes the ideal, happy marriage through the mouth of a husband who boasts that his wife has borne him eight sons and is still eager to have sex. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. White slaves were brought to Egypt from the eastern coast of the Black Sea and from the Circassian settlements of Anatolia via Istanbul. Bottro, Jean, Andr Finet, Bertrand Lafont, and George Roux. All knowledge of their history, language and technologyeven their namewas eventually forgotten. Most historians have suggested that Sumer was first permanently settled between c. 5500 and 4000 BC by a West Asian people who spoke Home | About | Contact | Copyright | Privacy | Cookie Policy | Terms & Conditions | Sitemap. [52] This greatly upset the balance of power within the region, weakening the areas where Sumerian was spoken, and comparatively strengthening those where Akkadian was the major language. WebAre Sumerians and Akkadians the same? Sign up here to receive ANE Today in your inbox weekly! What race were Akkadians? Sumerian cylinder seals also depict houses built from reeds not unlike those built by the Marsh Arabs of Southern Iraq until as recently as 400 CE. It shows the king of Lagash leading a Sumerian army consisting mostly of infantry. Sumerian was afterwards preserved in scribal schools as a prestigious written language, thereby creating a Sumero-Akkadian culture mastered by a small royal and scribal elite who were sufficiently privileged to receive a formal education. The Sumerians progressively lost control to Semitic states from the northwest. The story relates the fictional adventures of Gilgamesh and his companion, Enkidu. Many transactions involved debt, for example goods consigned to merchants by temple and beer advanced by "ale women". It is one of the cradles of civilization in the world, along with ancient Egypt, Elam, the Caral-Supe civilization, Mesoamerica, the Indus Valley civilisation, and ancient China. While spears, bows, arrows, and daggers (but not swords) were employed in war. First, transport: the wheel began to be used on carts and battle chariots. The adventure-filled tale centers on a Sumerian king named Gilgamesh who is . Crucially, a better understanding of the languages of Mesopotamia has revealed a much more complex and nuanced picture. The most widespread material in Sumer was clay, as a result many Sumerian objects are made of clay. [citation needed]. The infantry carried spears, wore copper helmets, and carried rectangular shields. We can now understand the complex urban, literate world of Sumer as much more than simply the product of a single, definable population group. Slave women worked as weavers, pressers, millers, and porters. [93], The Indus Valley Civilization only flourished in its most developed form between 2400 and 1800 BC, but at the time of these exchanges, it was a much larger entity than the Mesopotamian civilization, covering an area of 1.2 million square meters with thousands of settlements, compared to an area of only about 65.000 square meters for the occupied area of Mesopotamia, while the largest cities were comparable in size at about 3040,000 inhabitants. WebAncient Mesopotamia proved that fertile land and the knowledge to cultivate it was a fortuitous recipe for wealth and civilization. The products of that union, Lahm and Lahmu, "the muddy ones", were titles given to the gate keepers of the E-Abzu temple of Enki in Eridu, the first Sumerian city. Apart from Mari, which lies full 330 kilometres (205 miles) north-west of Agade, but which is credited in the king list as having "exercised kingship" in the Early Dynastic II period, and Nagar, an outpost, these cities are all in the Euphrates-Tigris alluvial plain, south of Baghdad in what are now the Bbil, Diyala, Wsit, Dhi Qar, Basra, Al-Muthann and Al-Qdisiyyah governorates of Iraq. The secret to creating humanity was the manipulation of DNA by the gods. They were thought to be the offspring of the goddess Nammu and were originally united as one. During the great drought, two waves of marauding nomads descended upon the region, sacking the capital city of Ur. This led them to live in larger communitiesthe first cities. This period is generally taken to coincide with a major shift in population from southern Mesopotamia toward the north. The Sumerians were great artists. His empire collapsed shortly after his death. Yet these texts had been written at a time when mothers were no longer talking to their children in Sumerian. If you already receive ANE Today in your email, you do not need to enter your email address here. The Code of Ur-Nammu, the oldest such codification yet discovered, dating to the Ur III, reveals a glimpse at societal structure in late Sumerian law. The Sumerians' cuneiform script is the oldest (or second oldest after the Egyptian hieroglyphs) which has been deciphered (the status of even older inscriptions such as the Jiahu symbols and Tartaria tablets is controversial). Naked priest offering libations to a Sumerian temple (detail), "The area in question (the extreme south of Mesopotamia) may now be called Sumer, and its inhabitants Sumerians, although these names are only English approximations of the Akkadian designations; the Sumerians themselves called their land Kengir, their language Emegir, and themselves Sag-giga, "black-headed ones." This sexagesimal system became the standard number system in Sumer and Babylonia. By around 2100 BCE Sumerian was dying as a spoken language but because it was associated with ancient royal and religious authority and learning, it was adopted by the Third Dynasty of Ur for the administration of their extensive Mesopotamian kingdom. The Sumerian city-states rose to power during the prehistoric Ubaid and Uruk periods. The first known ones were made by Enmetena and Urukagina of Lagash in 24002350 BC. The Sumerians also developed the arch, which enabled them to develop a strong type of dome. During the third millennium BCE, the Sumerian civilization of Mesopotamia was culturally defined by the development of the art of weaving. 'country' + 'lords' + 'noble') as seen in their inscriptions. According to Hudson, the purpose of these decrees was to prevent debts mounting to a degree that they threatened the fighting force, which could happen if peasants lost their subsistence land or became bondservants due to inability to repay their debt. Sumerian cities during the Uruk period were probably theocratic and were most likely headed by a priest-king (ensi), assisted by a council of elders, including both men and women. A large body of hundreds of thousands of texts in the Sumerian language have survived, including personal and business letters, receipts, lexical lists, laws, hymns, prayers, stories, and daily records. Your email address will not be published. The cities of Sumer could not maintain remote, long-distance colonies by military force. There was little evidence of organized warfare or professional soldiers during the Uruk period, and towns were generally unwalled. Of course, there is no such thing as a Sumerian king list. This made it a melting pot of languages and cultures that stimulated a lasting impact on writing, technology, language, trade, religion, and law. The king-priest and his acolyte feeding the sacred herd. General location on a modern map, and main cities of Sumer with ancient coastline. Twenty-fourth Dynasty of EgyptTefnakht Bakenranef, (Sargonid dynasty)Tiglath-Pileser Shalmaneser Marduk-apla-iddina II Sargon Sennacherib Marduk-zakir-shumi II Marduk-apla-iddina II Bel-ibni Ashur-nadin-shumi Nergal-ushezib Mushezib-Marduk Esarhaddon Ashurbanipal Ashur-etil-ilani Sinsharishkun Sin-shumu-lishir Ashur-uballit II, Seleucid Empire: Seleucus I Antiochus I Antiochus II Seleucus II Seleucus III Antiochus III Seleucus IV Antiochus IV Antiochus V Demetrius I Alexander III Demetrius II Antiochus VI Dionysus Diodotus Tryphon Antiochus VII Sidetes.